14 June 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 339 % Postmaster, N.Y.

14 June, 1945      0820

Leipzig

Good morning, darling –

The advance party has just taken off and we take off in 48 hours. Latest change was that we don’t actually go to Reims but to a place about 20 miles South – Chalons sur Marne. I don’t know how big a place it is – but it’s just as well, because Reims must be an awfully congested place right now. We passed Chalons when we came thru France, but we were through that area – and it’s a very pretty part of France.

Gee – our mail situation will be all fouled up for a few days I’m afraid. We’ll probably get a new APO number – although that doesn’t mean much. We’ve already wired ahead to the French base section advising them to hold our mail – but some will undoubtedly come all the way down here and have to follow us back. There was no mail at all – yesterday – and I’m so anxious to have some now. I’m anxious to hear from Lawrence – and also to hear about Ruth. Frankly, darling, I’ve been very uneasy about Ruth since I received Lawrence’s letter – and yet I think it’s right that he told me. I’m her brother, after all, and if there’s any worrying to do – I should do my share. Oh I know it doesn’t help – but that doesn’t change human nature. Today is Ruth’s Birthday and I do hope she’s home by now and doing well.

And Lawrence has me down, too. He’s undoubtedly going to the C.B.I. – or the Pacific Theater – and in either case – it’s a long long way from home. Gosh – if I have to go there – I’ll go whacky. I just have to get a job in the States.

I know it must be terrifically difficult for you now, sweetheart, waiting and waiting – now that the war is over and so many fellows are coming home. But hell – what good would just 30 days be? Boy – I’d like to have 30 days right now! The days are so damned long now – particularly since we’ve learned we’re to move. I’m so anxious to find out what our mission is and to get an idea how long it will take.

Yesterday was very windy and cool – but we played tennis in the p.m. – just to kill some time. And in the evening – we saw “A Tree Grows in Brooklyn”. It was well acted and all that – but too drab, dark and morbid for my mood. I’d have preferred a lively musical.

Today, dear, I’ve got to start picking up the various loose ends and packing them away. Some things will have to wait until tomorrow evening. One thing I am not taking is the German Lexicon which is on my desk. I’ve had all of Germany and Germans that I ever want. For that matter – the same goes for the French and the whole of Europe. Now I have to brush up on the French again. Honestly, dear, this going in and out of a country is confusing and it’s difficult getting a sentence out straight.

I guess I’m kind of crabby today, sweetheart, but it’s because I love you so much. What I mean is that because I love you, I’m lonesome for you; and I’m lonesome because I have to be over here – and because I’m over here so long – I’m getting crabby. Well – I’ll snap out of it – but not really until the day I hit the States. I’ll certainly say a prayer of thanks on that day, dear.

And now – so long for awhile, darling. Hope to hear from you today. Love to the folks – and

All my everlasting love to you

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about a Burma Rescue

From the "India-Burma Theater Roundup", (Vol. III, No. 41, Delhi, Thursday, 14 June 1945, Reg. No. L5015), came this rescue story.

AAF USES HELICOPTER IN BURMA RESCUE

AAF HQ. - Capt. Frank W. Peterson maneuvered the helicopter through the maze of jungled Burma peaks and set the small ship down on a rough strip atop a razorback mountain whose sides fell off steeply to narrow valleys 2,500 feet below. Twenty-four hours later, after gas and oil had been air-dropped, he took off again, this time carrying a passenger: 21-year-old Pvt Howard Ross, ground observer at an isolated weather station outpost in North Burma who was suffering from a badly infected gunshot wound in his hand. This air evacuation mission, marking the first time a helicopter had been employed in rescue work in this Theater, climaxed one of the most amazing stories to come out of India-Burma.

The story had its beginning when, after the forced landing of a B-25 on an isolated mountain-top in Burma, it was determined that a helicopter would be necessary to effect the rescue of the bomber crew, none of whom were injured. The request was made by radio to Army Air Forces Headquarters in Washington. A crew at Wright Field, Ohio, was ordered to begin the dismantling of a helicopter and, working all night, loaded it upon a C-54 cargo plane by the following morning. meanwhile, Peterson, a Wright Field test pilot was ordered to accompany the engineering crew to Burma.

C-54 Skymaster

Four days later, the C-54 with its rescue mission cargo landed at Myitkyina, only to learn that the men they had been rushed overseas to rescue had already been evacuated. It was decided, however, to continue with the assembly of the helicopter as rapidly as possible in the event another emergency should arise.

Late that night, Lt. Leo J. Kenney, commanding officer of the jungle rescue unit, awakened Peterson and told him that a member of a weather station located high on a 4,700-foot mountain in the Naga Hills had accidentally shot himself. Infection had set in and, with medical aid 10 days distant by mountain trail, air rescue had to be attempted despite the inaccessibility of the station even to parachute jumping.

Assembly of the helicopter was rushed to completion the following morning. The afternoon was devoted to test hops, designed to take any kinks out of the aircraft. The following morning the rescue mission took off.

Assembling the Helicopter

Since the helicopter was not equipped with radio and Peterson and Lt. Irwin C. Steiner, another veteran pilot from Wright Field who accompanied Peterson, were flying over unfamiliar territory, the rescue ship was escorted by two L-5's piloted by T/Sgt. William H. Thomas and S/Sgt. Gibson L. Jones.

Four times, the helicopter became separated from its guide planes, a low ceiling having enveloped the mountain country. But each time the planes renewed contact. Once the helicopter made three attempts before finally topping a 5,000-foot mountain peak. Another time, the ship ran out of gas and had to make a forced landing on a sand bank in the Chindwin River, where Peterson and Steiner sat down and waited for fuel to be air-dropped from the L-5's.

Up in the air once more, the helicopter climbed up over rocky peaks which jutted sharp above matted jungle, finally landing at the crude air-drop field near the weather station just before running out of gas again. The next day, nine days after engineers began disassembling the helicopter at Wright Field, Peterson flew the wounded man out of the jungle.

13 June 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 339 % Postmaster, N.Y.

13 June, 1945      0825

Leipzig

Dearest darling Wilma –

How do you like getting the news straight these days, without having to search for hints? Or without having to wait until it was no longer news? Let me tell you, darling, it’s a heck of a relief to me, too, because I used to hate to live up to the letter of the law – but I guess the Army knew best. Anyway – now you can get it right off the griddle.

We leave for Reims on Saturday – the 16th – early a.m. and we take 3 days to make the trip. We stop the first night at Giessen – Germany – and probably camp out. The next stop is at Mainz – and we go through Luxembourg – getting a crack at one more little country over here. The next day – we should hit our destination. There’s still no news whatsoever of what our job will be when we arrive, although the advance party takes off Thursday, and will get all the details. (Excuse the variety in paper, dear.)

Now – here’s the big piece of news for this morning: we heard – practically officially – that this outfit will be or is – in Category 4. At war’s end – all outfits were to be classified into 4 Categories. I’m not sure of the actual classification but one Cat. was for outfits going directly to the Pacific, two – for shipment to the States and then to the Pacific, three – I believe – for Occupational Troops, and 4 – relax, honey – for return to the States to be de-activated, disbanded, broken up – with most of the men ready for discharge – and the others – assigned to replacement pools. For the individual enlisted man in this outfit – that’s a great piece of news. For me – I don’t know. If I continue to stay with the outfit – I’m adding on good time – and the chances seem pretty darn good that when we’ve finally broken up – I’d be reassigned to a job in the States. That’s what the Col. seems to think – and so do I. If I don’t – I’ll write the Surgeon General if I have to. If they’re all out of M.C.’s – O.K. I’ll go to the Pacific willingly. But if a lot of guys are still hanging around in soft spots – I want a crack at that, too. Right now, though, my chances look pretty good – and needless to say, Sweetheart, I’m tickled silly.

Another outfit in our AA group was put to Cat. 2 – but they happen to be a self-propelled outfit – which means their guns are mounted right on trucks – like tanks, whereas our guns have to be drawn by truck – and from what we gather – there’s little use for our type of outfit in the Pacific. So that little fact alone may have well been good enough reason for staying with the old 438th through all this time. I hope so.

One drawback, darling, is that they probably won’t rush us home and give priority to outfits headed for the Pacific. But things are really on schedule over here – and outfits are moving out right and left. Anyway – a couple of months or so will help my case. As of the 16th – it will be 19 months; I’ll have a stronger argument if I’ve been overseas 20 months or more. So – please be patient, dear, because when I do get home – I should stay. What we ought to do is get married during my leave, and then just be ready to go anywhere in the U.S. they send me to. That’s going to be a lot of fun, dear – and I only hope it works out as I visualize it.

I got a V-mail of 21 May yesterday, dear, from you – but I had already heard from you as of 1 June. But I do love to hear from you – of any date. Thanks for calling Mrs. Freeman. I wonder how he’s coming along. He never mentions a word about his condition.

I sent you another package yesterday, but I don’t think you’ll get much of a kick out of it. Oh – there’s a candlestick in it – that is nice – but I never was able to buy the pair. The rest of the package consists of maps – maps issued to me from all the way back in Normandy – for purposes of reconnaissance, where I had to visit the batteries, etc. It was very easy to get into enemy territory in those days if you didn’t have the enemy lines plotted in. They won’t mean much to you – but when I get home and we one day have plenty of time – I’ll be able to point out where we’ve been etc.

In case I forget to mention it – remember we’ll be on the road for 3 or 4 days – and that you can expect a gap after the letter of the 15th. But I’ll pick up where I left off – as soon as we arrive, sweetheart, because I sure do love to write you. I’ll have to run along now and do some work. Take care, darling, and be well. Love to the folks and remember –

I’m yours alone

Greg

MARCH TABLE FROM LEIPZIG, GERMANY
[Click to Enlarge]

Approximate Route from Leipzig to Reims
A=Leipzig, B=Geissen, C=Mainz, D=Bingen, E=Trier,
F=Luxembourg, G=Stenay, H=Vouziers, I=Reims

12 June 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 339 % Postmaster, N.Y.

12 June, 1945      0805

Leipzig

My dearest sweetheart –

I got mail yesterday finally and it made me both happy and sad. Your letters were wonderful tonic and I love your spirit in them. What made me a bit sad was hearing from Lawrence. In the first place – he just stuck his neck out when he didn’t have to – and I know how much my mother must have been affected when he came home and told her he was getting ready for overseas. I can’t understand the guy. Regardless of his personal feelings – he should have stayed put for his Mother’s sake. He wasn’t in the worst possible set-up – despite his criticism of the place. But the poor guy just wouldn’t listen to reason. He’ll have to learn the hard way.

The other thing that upset me was the news about Ruth. You kept the secret admirably and thanks, darling for being so considerate. Gee – she would have some rare thing like that. Meningiomas are nothing to laugh at, malignant or benign. I’m taking Lawrence’s word that is was benign and that Ruth is doing well. Again – my poor mother takes the mental beating – and knowing how she worries when everything is going well, I know all this is not doing her a bit of good. Dammit – I wish I were home to help her feel a little better.

Well, sweetheart, I do have news this morning. Remember I told you we might get a change in missions. Well – we did, yesterday late p.m. We are going to Reims, France, and we leave anywhere between Thursday and Saturday of this week – that is between the 14-16 June. It’s about a 650 mile trip from Leipzig and we go by convoy, which means it will take us two very full days on the road – at the very least. We’ll probably strike tents in some field – and it’s a long time since we had to do that. Reims – actually – is a big staging center for troops going home to the States and that is where 7th Corps is heading for today. But, we have not been alerted as yet, and from the way the Teletype orders came in – it seems as if we have an assignment there.

At any rate, we get the hell out of Germany, and that’s O.K. with me. We’ve been in Germany a long time, darling, and it will be nice to be able to say “good morning” or “bonjour” – without feeling you’re breaking the law or being nice to someone who is your enemy. So – that’s as much as I know right now, sweetheart. How long we’ll stay and what our job is – I’ll tell you as soon as I can. Incidentally – dear, stick to the same APO until I tell you otherwise. Your letters will reach me.

It’s a step in the right direction, anyway, and brings me so many more miles nearer to you and that’s just what I want. I’m glad you feel the same wave run through you that I feel on the thought of my actually being home soon. It’s the most refreshing sensation I’ve had since I left the States – and I know it’s a good sign. I’ll keep writing until the day we leave, dear, and then pick up when we arrive. So long for now, sweetheart, regards and love to the folks – and

All my deepest love

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about Eisenhower Speaks in London


Dwight D. Eisenhower

During testimony given by Susan Eisenhower (Dwight's granddaughter) before the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands of the U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources at a hearing titled “The Proposed Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial” on 20 March 2012, Susan said:

On 12 June 1945, Dwight Eisenhower stood on the balcony of London’s Guildhall, where he was to receive the Freedom of the City of London. Europe lay in ruins. More than 15 million people in the Western part of continent had perished, not counting the 25 million Soviets who died on the Eastern Front. Eisenhower, who had victoriously commanded the largest military operation in the history of warfare, stood before millions of cheering Londoners. He spoke of the war and the collective effort to defeat Nazism. Without notes, Eisenhower began his speech. “Humility,” he said, “must always be the portion of any man who receives acclaim earned in the blood of his followers and the sacrifices of his friends.”

These simple words, crafted without the help of a speech writer, offer a guide for capturing the essence of World War II’s Supreme Commander of Allied Expeditionary Forces, Europe and later our nation’s two-term president.

Freedom of the City of London Award

Here is all of Eisenhower's acceptance speech, in text and then in voice.

Guildhall Address, June 12, 1945
Dwight D. Eisenhower

The high sense of distinction I feel in receiving this great honor from the city of London is inescapably mingled with feelings of profound sadness. All of us must always regret that your country and mine were ever faced with the tragic situation that compelled the appointment of an Allied Commander-in-Chief, the capacity in which I have just been so extravagantly commended.

Humility must always be the portion of any man who receives acclaim earned in the blood of his followers and the sacrifices of his friends. Conceivably a commander may have been professionally superior. He may have given everything of his heart and mind to meet the spiritual and physical needs of his comrades. He may have written a chapter that will glow forever in the pages of military history. Still, even such a man, if he existed, would sadly face the fact that his honors cannot hide in his memories the crosses marking the resting places of the dead. They cannot soothe the anguish of the widow or the orphan whose husband or whose father will not return.

The only attitude in which a commander may with satisfaction receive the tributes of his friends is a humble acknowledgement that, no matter how unworthy he may be, his position is a symbol of great human forces that have labored arduously and successfully for a righteous cause. Unless he feels this symbolism and this rightness in what he has tried to do, then he is disregardful of the courage, the fortitude and the devotion of the vast multitudes he has been honored to command. If all the allied men and women that have served with me in this war can only know that it is they this august body is really honoring today, then, indeed, will I be content.

This feeling of humility cannot erase, of course, my great pride in being tendered the freedom of London. I am not a native of this land. I come from the very heart of America. In the superficial aspects by which we ordinarily recognize family relationships the town where I was born and the one where I was reared are far separated from this great city. Abilene, Kansas, and Denison, Texas, would together add in size to possibly one five-hundredth part of greater London. By your standards those towns are young, without your aged traditions that carry the roots of London back into the uncertainties of unrecorded history. To those people I am proud to belong, but I find myself today five thousand miles from that countryside, the honored guest of a city whose name stands for grandeur and size throughout the world. Hardly would it seem possible for the city of London to have gone farther afield to find a man to honor with its priceless gift of token citizenship.

Yet kinship among nations is not determined in such measurements as proximity, size and age. Rather we should turn to those inner things, call them what you will - I mean those intangibles that are the real treasures free men possess. To preserve his freedom of worship, his equality before the law, his liberty to speak and act as he sees fit, subject only to the provision that we trespass not upon similar rights of others - the Londoner will fight! So will the citizen of Abilene! When we consider these things then the valley of the Thames draws closer to to the farms of Kansas and the plains of Texas. To my mind it is clear that when two peoples will face the tragedies of war to defend the same spiritual values, the same treasured rights, then, in deepest sense those two are truly related. So, even as I proclaim my undying Americanism, I am bold enough and exceedingly proud to claim basic kinship to you of London.

And what man who has followed the history of this war could fail to experience inspiration from the example of this city? When the British Empire stood - alone but unconquered, almost naked but unafraid – to defy the Hitler hordes, it was on this devoted city that the first terrorist blows were launched. Five years and eight months of war, much of it on the actual battle line! Blitzes big and little, fly-bombs, V-Bombs; all of them you took in stride. You worked - from your needed efforts you would not be deterred. You carried on, and from your midst arose no cry for mercy, no wail of defeat. The battle of Britain will take its place as another of your deathless traditions. And your faith and endurance have finally been rewarded.

You had more than two years in war when Americans, in numbers, began swarming into your country. Most were mentally unprepared for the realities of war especially as waged by the Nazis. Others believed that tales of British sacrifice had been exaggerated. Still others failed to recognize the difficulties of the task ahead.

All such doubts, questions and complacencies could not endure a single casual tour through your scarred streets and avenues. With awe our men gazed upon empty spaces where once had stood buildings erected by the toil and sweat of peaceful folk. Our eyes rounded as we saw your women serving quietly and efficiently in almost every kind of war effort, even flak batteries. We became accustomed to the warning sirens, which seemed to compel, from the native Londoner, not a single hurried step. Gradually we grew closer together until we became true partners in the war.

In London, my associates and I planned two great expeditions, that to invade the Mediterranean and later that to cross the channel. London’s hospitality to Americans, her good humored acceptance of the added inconveniences we brought. Her example of fortitude and quiet confidence in the final outcome - all these helped to make the supreme headquarters of two allied expeditions the smooth-working organizations they became! They were composed of chosen representatives of two proud and independent peoples. Each noted for its initiative and for its satisfaction with its own customs, manners and methods. Many feared that those representatives could never combine together in efficient fashion to solve the complex problems presented by modern war. I hope you believe we proved the doubters wrong! Moreover, I hold that we proved this point not only for war, we proved that it can always be done by our two peoples, provided only both show the same good will, the same forbearance, the same objective attitude that British and Americans so amply demonstrated in nearly three years of bitter campaigning.

No one could, alone, have brought about this result. Had I possessed the military skill of a Marlborough, the wisdom of Solomon, the understanding of Lincoln, I still would have been helpless without the loyalty, the vision, the generosity of thousands upon thousands of British and Americans. Some of them were my companions in the high command, many were enlisted men and junior officers carrying the fierce brunt of the battle, and many others were back in the U.S. and here in Great Britain, in London. Moreover, back of us were always our great national war leaders and their civil and military staffs that supported and encouraged us through every trial, every test. The whole was one great team. I know that on this special occasion, the three million American men and women serving in the allied expeditionary force would want me to pay the tribute of admiration, respect and affection to their British comrades of this war.

My most cherished hope is that, after Japan joins the Nazi in utter defeat, neither my country nor yours need ever again summon its sons and daughters from their peaceful pursuits to face the tragedies of battle. But - a fact important for both of us to remember - neither London nor Abilene, sisters under the skin, will sell her birthright for physical safety, her liberty for mere existence.

No petty differences in the world of trade, traditions or national pride should ever blind us to identities in priceless values. If we keep our eyes on this guide post then no difficulties along our path of mutual cooperation can ever be insurmountable. Moreover, when this truth has permeated to the remotest hamlet and heart of all peoples, then indeed may we beat our swords into plowshares and all nations can enjoy the fruitfulness of the earth.

My Lord Mayor, I thank you once again for an honor to me and to the American forces that will remain one of the proudest in my memories.

Here is that Guildhall Speech.

11 June 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 339 % Postmaster, N.Y.

11 June, 1945      0810

Leipzig

My dearest darling –

I must confess – yesterday I didn’t write you. In the first place – I was really busy until late in the day; and secondly, I felt kind of blue for some reason or other – and I believe I wouldn’t have written a very cheery letter. But I’m feeling fine this a.m. and rarin’ to go! But where?

Gee darling, the mail has been rotten, or as the French say, “C’est formidable!” There’s just nothing coming in except the Stars and Stripes – which, by the way, I’ll start sending you again. Up to VE day or so – they were free – but there never was a copy per man. We pay for it now – but we each get our own copy. Mentioning – sending – reminds me – I’ve sent home two or three packages, dear, in the past 3 days – but not loot. We’ve all got a lot of junk and much more clothes than we came over with. When time comes for sailing home – it will really be a problem getting things packed. So I’ve sent home my overcoat, overshoes, extra fatigues, clarinet (which was hardly worth sending. It took an awful beating out in the truck all winter). I’ve already boxed my portable radio which I bought in Liège and I’ll send that out soon. And I have yet to look around for many more odds and ends.

Today, dear, 7th Corps moves out of town. It’s going to seem strange not to see the Jayhawk Forward – signs – after being with the same Corps for over a year. But I’m glad we’re not going with them right now – because they won’t stay in the States very long. We haven’t heard any more about our status – but every day we don’t hear – helps out. The Stars and Stripes said yesterday that they (the Army) would probably lower the 85 point critical level. If they do – this outfit will be very high – as an average – and outfits like that might very well become part of the strategic reserve. At present – we can only wait and see.

"Jayhawk Forward" sign in Leipzig - June 1945

By no means, darling, do I want you to think that I’m being calm and patient about all this. On the contrary, I’m practically beside myself in my desire to get home to you. I’m hungry for some love from you, sweetheart, and I want so much to tell you and show you how much I love you and want you. It has been such a long long time for both of us – and you’ve been wonderfully patient. But I want also very much to stay in the States once I get back – and if having to wait here an extra month or two will help my status – I’m willing to be a bit more patient. Sweetheart – we’ll make up for it – I’m certain of it – and we’ll have a whale of a time doing it, too. I can’t and don’t want to think of anything else but that, night and day – and in my dreams. And it makes wonderful thinking. I’ve relived our meeting once again, seeing our friends together, kissing, hugging – a thousand times now – but I’m still waiting for the unadulterated original. So be ready, darling, be ready!

And now, honey, I’m going downstairs and start another week of Dispensary work etc. Be well, dear, and send my love to the folks.

All my everlasting devotion,

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about The Franck Report


James Franck

On 11 June 1945 a report was issued that resulted from a committee set up to study the potential political and social problems relating to the Manhattan Project's production of an atomic weapon. The report recommended not to use the atomic bombs on the Japaneses cities, based on the problems resulting from such a military application. It urged, instead, an open demonstration of the atomic bomb in some uninhabited locality as a show of power.

The committee chairman was James Franck, after whom the report was named. James Franck was born on August 26, 1882, in Hamburg, Germany. In 1925, Franck received the Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1933, after the Nazis came to power, Franck, being a Jew, decided to leave his post in Germany and continue his research in the United States as Professor of Physics at Johns Hopkins University. He left there in 1938 to accept a professorship in physical chemistry at the University of Chicago which was the center of the Manhattan District's Project.

Below is are excerpts from the Preamble and Summary of the report. Click Here to read the full report.

Report of the Committee on Political and Social Problems
Manhattan Project "Metallurgical Laboratory"
University of Chicago, June 11, 1945

I. Preamble

The only reason to treat nuclear power differently from all the other developments in the field of physics is its staggering possibilities as a means of political pressure in peace and sudden destruction in war. All present plans for the organization of research, scientific and industrial development, and publication in the field of nucleonics are conditioned by the political and military climate in which one expects those plans to be carried out. Therefore, in making suggestions for the postwar organization of nucleonics, a discussion of political problems cannot be avoided. The scientists on this Project do not presume to speak authoritatively on problems of national and international policy. However, we found ourselves, by the force of events, the last five years in the position of a small group of citizens cognizant of a grave danger for the safety of this country as well as for the future of all the other nations, of which the rest of mankind is unaware. We therefore felt it our duty to urge that the political problems, arising from the mastering of atomic power, be recognized in all their gravity, and that appropriate steps be taken for their study and the preparation of necessary decisions. We hope that the creation of the Committee by the Secretary of War to deal with all aspects of nucleonics, indicates that these implications have been recognized by the government. We feel that our acquaintance with the scientific elements of the situation and prolonged preoccupation with its world-wide political implications, imposes on us the obligation to offer to the Committee some suggestions as to the possible solution of these grave problems...

[Concluding] Summary

The development of nuclear power not only constitutes an important addition to the technological and military power of the United States, but also creates grave political and economic problems for the future of this country. Nuclear bombs cannot possibly remain a "secret weapon" at the exclusive disposal of this country, for more than a few years. The scientific facts on which their construction is based are well known to scientists of other countries. Unless an effective international control of nuclear explosives is instituted, a race of nuclear armaments is certain to ensue following the first revelation of our possession of nuclear weapons to the world. Within ten years other countries may have nuclear bombs, each of which, weighing less than a ton, could destroy an urban area of more than five square miles. In the war to which such an armaments race is likely to lead, the United States, with its agglomeration of population and industry in comparatively few metropolitan districts, will be at a disadvantage compared to the nations whose population and industry are scattered over large areas.

We believe that these considerations make the use of nuclear bombs for an early, unannounced attack against Japan inadvisable. If the United States would be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race of armaments, and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future control of such weapons. Much more favorable conditions for the eventual achievement of such an agreement could be created if nuclear bombs were first revealed to the world by a demonstration in an appropriately selected uninhabited area.

If chances for the establishment of an effective international control of nuclear weapons will have to be considered slight at the present time, then not only the use of these weapons against Japan, but even their early demonstration may be contrary to the interests of this country. A postponement of such a demonstration will have in this case the advantage of delaying the beginning of the nuclear armaments race as long as possible. If, during the time gained, ample support could be made available for further development of the field in this country, the postponement would substantially increase the lead which we have established during the present war, and our position in an armament race or in any later attempt at international agreement will thus be strengthened.

On the other hand, if no adequate public support for the development of nucleonics will be available without a demonstration, the postponement of the latter may be deemed inadvisable, because enough information might leak out to cause other nations to start the armament race, in which we will then be at a disadvantage. At the same time, the distrust of other nations may be aroused by a confirmed development under cover of secrecy, making it more difficult eventually to reach an agreement with them.

If the government should decide in favor of an early demonstration of nuclear weapons it will then have the possibility to take into account the public opinion of this country and of the other nations before deciding whether these weapons should be used in the war against Japan. In this way, other nations may assume a share of the responsibility for such a fateful decision.

To sum up, we urge that the use of nuclear bombs in this war be considered as a problem of long-range national policy rather than military expediency, and that this policy be directed primarily to the achievement of an agreement permitting an effective international control of the means of nuclear warfare.

The vital importance of such a control for our country is obvious from the fact that the only effective alternative method of protecting this country, of which we are aware, would be a dispersal of our major cities and essential industries.

10 June 1945

No letter today. Just this:

Leipzig - "To Zoo" - June 1945


Wreckage in Leipzig - June 1945


More Wreckage in Leipzig - June 1945


Three-Wheeled Transport in Leipzig - June 1945

* TIDBIT *

about Eisenhower Toasts Zhukov


During a toast on 10 June 1945, as Zhukov awards
Montgomery with the Soviet Order of Victory,
Eisenhower (2nd from left) whispers in Zhukov's ear

On 10 June 1945 Zhukov presented Eisenhower with the Soviet Order of Victory, a red star medal with rubies and diamonds estimated at over $100,000. In its history, it has been awarded twenty times to twelve Soviet leaders (some more than once) and five foreign leaders, with one revocation (Leonid Brezhnev).

Soviet Order of Victory

Below is Eisenhower's acceptance speech. From the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission's web site comes this:

TOAST DELIVERED IN FRANKFURT ON 10 JUNE 1945

I raised my glass primarily to speak a word of admiration on behalf of the Allied Forces for Marshal Zhukov, but I am going to wander a bit a field before I arrive at my final toast. Marshal Zhukov has praised me in extravagant terms, my job and my performance of my job in this war. It seems a fitting occasion to me to point out that I have had the advice of the most skillful soldiers and skillful diplomats that the two great countries could produce. Soldiers, sailors, airmen and diplomats, realizing that only in unity is there strength, have subordinated themselves to my commands with perfect loyalty regardless of the claims made upon them from within their own countries. To those men I owe an immeasurable debt of gratitude. Those people have worked at my side in adversity and in prosperity and have never once deviated by one inch from the instructions laid down.

I cannot name names today for the simple reason there have been so many who have performed so loyally that it would be an injustice to some if I named a single soldier; but I know those men intimately and I know what they want. They want peace. They want the opportunity for our farmers to raise a little more corn next year; they want the opportunity for our miners to live a little better next year. All of us who are right thinking want the common man of all United Nations to have the opportunities that we fought to preserve for him. They want the opportunities that will let all nations that have been engaged in this war go forward together to greater prosperity - not for us, sitting around this table, but for the masses that we represent. That means peace. Speaking for the Allied forces, we are going to have peace if we have to fight for it.

On two occasions now I have had the great honor of meeting high officials of the Soviet Union. It is my feeling that in this basic desire of all of us, they are one with us. Regardless of the methods by which we arrive at that goal, that is what we are struggling for. I cannot speak for any other individual; in fact, while I am expressing here what is in my heart and mind, I am speaking for no one except Ike Eisenhower, but I believe that there is not a single man around this table that would not give back all the honors, all the publicity, and everything else that this war has brought to him if he could have avoided the misery and suffering and debt that have been brought to the populations by reason of this war.

Yet this war was a holy war, more than any other in history this war has been an array of the forces of evil against those of righteousness. It had to have its leaders, and it had to be won - no matter what the sacrifices, no matter what the suffering to populations, to materials, to our wealth - oil, steel, industry - no matter what the cost was, the war had to be won. In Europe it has been won. To no one man do the United Nations owe a greater debt than to Marshal Zhukov. As our honored guest today he has come down and very courteously conferred certain honors of the Soviet Union upon members of the Allied forces. But Marshal Zhukov, a modest man, probably underrates the standing that he holds in our hearts and minds. One day, when all of us here at this board are gathered by our Fathers, there is certain to be another order of the Soviet Union. It will be the Order of Zhukov, and that Order will be prized by every man who admires courage, vision, fortitude, and determination in a soldier.

Gentlemen, I deem it a very great honor to ask you to rise and drink to Marshal Zhukov.

Zhukov and Eisenhower

09 June 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 339 % Postmaster, N.Y.

9 June, 1945      0820

Leipzig

My darling fiancée –

Well – again I had no mail yesterday – and that’s the worst week I’ve had in a long while, dear, but I understand why. I know you couldn’t have felt much like writing a couple of weeks ago.

Here it is a month after VE day and nothing much seems to have happened. I believe I told you yesterday, sweetheart, that Corps had been alerted. To the best of my knowledge at present, we’re supposed to receive orders within a week – sending us to Belgium or France where we’ll do “railroad work”. Those are the exact quotes and no one here knows what that means. I can’t remember whether I told you all of this yesterday – or not. We hear so many things in a day that I try to pass them all on to you. I’ll assume I haven’t told you. Anyway – the way we got it was that Army needed 4 battalions to help out on some railroad work – transporting, I assume – and we were one battalion recommended because of our recent experience with Ex PW’s and Displaced Persons. As we see it – it’s a step in the right direction – i.e. towards a Port, and yet, without being rushed at it. Also – if we have a mission, we don’t have to start training – while we wait – as so many other outfits are already doing.

If we do leave here, dear, we’re leaving a set-up that will be difficult to match. Aside from the comforts of this building – we’ll leave behind some magnificent tennis courts – and one swell swimming pool. But we’ll all feel wonderful, nevertheless, for somehow or other – we’ll all have the feeling that we’re getting near to home.

Last nite – we saw a good U.S.O. cast put on “Junior Miss”. I didn’t see the original, but this group was certainly Class A and it was most enjoyable. It has been very hot here and I’ll bet it gets damned hot here later in the summer. If you look at a map of Germany – you’ll see how much in the Geographic center of Germany – Leipzig is.

We found a swell cleaning and dying establishment in this town and I’m having everything I own cleansed, including my sleeping bag. They do an excellent job – and the prices are ridiculous. Long before the war – a mark was originally worth 2 ½ to our dollar – or about 40 cents. It finally went down so that there were about 4 marks to the dollar. Our Gov’t marks are worth 10¢ and not 25 – but whether the Germans understand this or not – I don’t know. At any rate the American Army is giving them an awful gypping. For example – cleaning and pressing one shirt and one pair of trousers costs 90 phennings or .9 marks or 9¢. I bought a roll of film the other day for 1 mark etc. Unfortunately – there’s nothing in town worth buying – and we’re not allowed to buy anything anyway. It will be much different in Belgium or France – where they’ve really learned to exploit the G-I.

This is Saturday a.m., darling, and I have my weekly report to submit. All this drivel doesn’t amount to a thing. The point is I love you terribly and I want you to know it in every way possible. Soon, darling, soon – we’ll be together again – and that’s what I’m waiting for. So long for now, sweetheart. Be well, keep patient. Love to the folks – and remember always

I’m yours alone

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about Patton Visits Los Angeles


General Patton Waves to Los Angeles Crowd - 9 June 1945

General George S. Patton and fellow Californian Army Air Forces Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle were honored on June 9, 1945, with a parade through Los Angeles, California and a reception at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before a crowd of over 100,000 people. The next day, Patton and Doolittle toured the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Patton spoke in front of the Burbank City Hall and at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. He wore his helmet with a straight line of stars, chest full of medals, and two ivory-handled (not pearl, as is often incorrectly stated) revolvers. He punctuated his speech with some of the same profanity that he had used with the troops. He spoke about conditions in Europe and the Russian allies to the adoring crowds. This may be the only time in America when civilians, en masse, heard and saw the famous warrior on the podium. Here is that speech:

The day after his speech the Los Angeles Examiner headline was "1,500,000 THUNDER ACCLAIM TO PATTON,  DOOLITTLE HERE".

During this visit, Patton quietly donated an original copy of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, which he had illegally smuggled out of Germany, to the Huntington Library, a repository of historical original papers, books, and maps, in his hometown San Marino. Patton instructed physicist Robert Millikan, then the chairman of the board of trustees of the Huntington Library, to make no official record of the transaction, and to keep their possession of the materials secret during Patton's lifetime.

The "Nuremberg Laws on Citizenship and Race" established the legal basis for racial discrimination in Germany. There was almost no opposition to the introduction of these laws. As of 30 September 1935, only a person of 'German blood' (four white circles, top row left, on the chart below) could be a German citizen. The First Supplementary Decree of November 14th, 1935 further clarified the definition of a Jew according to bloodlines.

CLICK TO ENLARGE

The Huntington Library retained the Nuremberg Laws in a basement vault in spite of a legal instruction in 1969 by the general's family to turn over all of his papers to the Library of Congress. On June 26, 1999, Robert Skotheim, then the president of the Huntington Library, announced that the Library was to permanently lend the Nuremberg Laws to the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles. On August 25, 2010, the National Archives announced that the Nuremberg Laws would be transferred from the Huntington Library to their collection.

The visit to Los Angeles was Patton's last United States appearance. Although he wanted to continue the fight in the Pacific he was sent to assist in the de-Nazification of Europe. On December 9, 1945, the day before he was scheduled to leave Europe for a permanent trip back to the U.S., Patton was severely injured in a road accident. He and his chief of staff, Major General Hobart R. "Hap" Gay, were on a day trip to hunt pheasants in the country outside Mannheim, Germany. Patton sat in the back seat on the right side, with Gay on his left, as per custom. At 11:45 near Neckarstadt (Mannheim-Käfertal), shortly after Patton's car had stopped for a train and accelerated after the train's passing, a 2½ ton GMC truck made a left turn in front of Patton's car. The car hit the front of the truck at a relatively low speed, estimated at 30 mph.

At first the crash seemed minor: the vehicles were hardly damaged, no one in the truck was hurt, and Gay and Woodring were uninjured. However, Patton in the back had not been braced for the crash and hadn't realized it was coming. After the impact he was found leaning back with breathing trouble; he had been thrown forward, causing his forehead to strike a metal part of the partition between the front and back seats. This impact inflicted a forehead wound and a severe cervical spinal cord injury. Immediately paralyzed from the neck down, and aware of it, he was rushed to the military hospital in Heidelberg. He spent most of the rest of his remaining 12 days conscious, in spinal traction to decrease spinal pressure, and in some pain, but never complaining. Essentially all non-medical visitors except Patton's wife, who had flown from the U.S., were forbidden. Patton, who had been told he had no chance to ever again ride a horse or resume normal life, at one point commented: "This is a hell of a way to die." He died of a pulmonary embolism without any sign of struggle, in the afternoon of December 21, 1945.

08 June 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 339 % Postmaster, N.Y.

8 June, 1945     0815

Leipzig

Dearest darling Wilma –

I received two letters from you yesterday postmarked 28 and 31 May – and that’s really something – considering that the papers at home are writing that letters will be delayed, lost etc. Of all the stupid things to print! It’s people who print stuff like that that make it tough for soldiers. I think letters from home mean much more now than they ever did before. I’m glad you haven’t been influenced and are still writing sweetheart. It makes no difference where a soldier goes – his mail always follows him. So far – our position is status quo. When I think I’m heading home, I’ll write you, sweetheart. Until then – don’t believe a word you read in the papers, because they don’t know what they’re talking about. Each and every outfit over here is a separate entity in itself, and we’re no exception. For example, and this is the very latest rumor – we heard that 7th Corps had been alerted yesterday for a quick return to the States – but that the 438th was not alerted with them. Well – the latter is true anyway – because we are not alerted. Now 7th Corps – means just 7th Corps Hq and no one else. The rumor, incidentally, went on to say that within a week or 10 days, we’d be heading for Belgium or France. And just the day before – the 7th Corps and we – were supposed to be going to Bavaria. So you see, darling, how can the papers in Boston, for example, possibly know what’s in store for the 438th? I’m certain of one thing – we won’t be part of the permanent army of occupation – and that we’ll get home for a long Leave. I know also that the Divisions heading for home this month – have been here the shortest – they get home sooner – but they go to the Pacific first – and that’s O.K. with me.

I searched in both of your letters for some reaction to my discussion or mention of marriage which I believe appeared in almost every letter I’ve written since VE day. Perhaps some of those letters haven’t reached you as yet – because you don’t bring up the subject at all, though I can understand that your mind must have been upset and preoccupied with Florence’s death. But it’s just because I want to get home with you and “live” – as you put it – that I’m anxious to hear from you. If you haven’t before realized how short life can be – you certainly had it shown to you now. It’s no surprise to me; I’ve seen it over and over again. And that – among other reasons – is why I want to hurry home and marry you, darling. Oh – I’m not afraid of any impending doom – or anything like that. It’s just that I’m so sure of my love for you and yours for me. Then why not get married and enjoy life? I know I’ll be around long enough to make it sensible.

Incidentally – I’m a little rusty in my medicine, but I don’t quite follow Florence’s case. If she had a Waterhouse-Friedricksen’s Syndrome – that must have been part of the picture. As I remember that – it represents a condition of hemorrhage in the adrenal glands. I’ve got no book on medicine so I can’t be sure. But it’s fatal in itself – aside from any meningitis. Did she develop meningitis – and as a result of the disease – have hemorrhage into her adrenals? And they must have taken a spinal culture. What was the organism?

I don’t know what Mrs. Countis’s brother’s transfer means. I’ve stopped thinking about it (transfers) and I’m just going to follow my course. I want one thing more than anything – and that is to get home to you, talk things over and marry you. I’m sure of that feeling – and I feel it’s the best thing. I’m hoping you’re going to feel the same way, darling.

I’ll have to go downstairs now, dear, and do a little work. Send my love to the folks – and remember I love you hard, strongly, constantly and deeply. You’ll see –

All my everlasting love,

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about One "Axis Sally"

On 8 June 1945 The New York Times published an article with the title “Americans Seize Axis Sally in Italy; Fascist Broadcaster Born Here”. On 9 June, Tom C. Clark, US Assistant Attorney General of the Criminal Division was asked whether a charge of treason was in order following an article in The Washington Daily News:

Rome, June 7 -- Allied headquarters announced today the arrest in Turin of "Axis Sally," whose honeyed voice dripped propaganda poison into the ears of radio listeners during the war in the Mediterranean. She is Rita Louisa Zucca, 33, born in New York City. Her father operates a restaurant on 49th Street, officials said.

Wikipedia says the following about this Axis Sally:

Rita Luisa Zucca, born in 1912, was an Italian-American radio announcer who broadcast Axis propaganda to Allied troops in Italy and North Africa. She became known as one of the "Axis Sallys," along with Mildred Gillars, who broadcast out of Berlin, Germany.

Zucca's father, Louis, owned a very successful restaurant in New York's midtown in the 1930s and 1940s, called Zucca's Italian Garden. Located at 116-118-120 West 49th Street, the restaurant had its own promotional postcards which displayed a distinctly refined setting. Zucca spent her teenage years in a convent school in Florence and, as a young woman, had worked in the family business.

Zucca's Italian Garden Postcard

She returned to Italy in 1938, working as a typist and renouncing her American citizenship three years later to save her family's property from expropriation by Mussolini's government.

As the Allied invasion of Italy progressed, the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini decided to try and emulate the German radio’s Axis Sally broadcasts of Mildred Gillars. In the summer of 1943, the Italian national radio network in Rome hired the 30-year-old Zucca with this aim in mind, in spite of her losing a typing job in 1942 for copying an anti-Fascist pamphlet.

Zucca was teamed with German broadcaster Charles Goedel in the program 'Jerry's Front Calling'. Much to Gillars' chagrin, Zucca was also referred to as Axis Sally. Zucca's trademark sign-off was "a sweet kiss from Sally", and she was often mistaken for Gillars. According to one account, Zucca signed onto each show by uttering "Hello Suckers!" and her signature tune was "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea". Here is that song as it was originally recorded by Cab Calloway in 1931.

Zucca's broadcasts sometimes used intelligence provided by the German embassy in Rome in an attempt to confuse Allied troops. One notable example came on July 8, 1943, the night before the invasion of Sicily. Her broadcast that night told "the wonderful boys of the 504th Parachute Regiment" that "Col. Willis Mitchell's playboys [the 61st Troop Carrier Group] are going to carry you to certain death. We know where and when you are jumping and you will be wiped out." The value of this particular revelation backfired when Sally announced to the men that their regiment had been decimated — a full hour before the first plane took off.

As the Allied armies advanced north into Rome, Zucca retreated north with the Germans in 1944 and resumed broadcasting from Milan. There, in September 1944, the broadcast crew of Jerry's Front was attached to a German military propaganda unit called the Liberty Station. By then Zucca was pregnant. Her son was born on 15 December 1944. She returned to the microphone 40 days later and continued until her final broadcast on 25 April 1945.

As the Axis army finally collapsed, Zucca went by train to her uncle’s home in Milan, where she took refuge until her identification and arrest on 5 June 1945. A correspondent from the American military magazine Stars and Stripes, said that Zucca's well-known crossed-eye condition did nothing to detract from her attractiveness: "True, her left eye is inclined to wander—but that cooey, sexy voice really has something to back it up." Newspapers in America were far more scathing. "Soft-Voiced 'Sally' Found to Be Ugly Ex–N.Y. Girl" was a typical headline, with descriptions of the young mother as "[as] ugly and unattractive in person as her voice was appealing." Another journalist called her "cross-eyed, bow-legged and sallow-skinned."

All attempts by the American government to prosecute Zucca for treason broke down when it became clear that she had renounced her American citizenship before she had started broadcasting. The FBI's J. Edgar Hoover wrote to the Justice Department, "In view of the fact that she has lost her American citizenship, no efforts are being made at the present time to develop a treason case against her."

Zucca was then tried by an Italian military tribunal on charges of collaboration. On March 29, 1946 she was sentenced to 4½ years in prison, but was released after 9 months. She was barred from returning to the United States.