21 September 1944

V-MAIL

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Germany

21 September, 1944        1730

Dearest sweetheart –

A busy day today – and I forgot to tell you yesterday that I am again visiting – or inspecting, and this time D battery. I stepped around all day today from early morning on – but I’ll be able to take it easy tomorrow. I got no mail here yesterday, but it’s possible there was some for me at battalion. I asked the mail clerk here to ask for my mail today. It was kind of lonesome here yesterday – not being with battalion and not hearing from you and it getting dark so early – etc. I do miss you awfully these long nights, sweetheart – possibly because we climb into our tents so early and have that much more time to realize what we’re missing. I don’t know what I’d do without this radio I just bought and despite the fact that it’s working fine – I’m waiting anxiously for my Dad to send me one. I’ll then sell this one and start off with a new one.

Incidentally – darling – a little news – about Pete. He has taken over C battery and if he stays with them – he will be battery commander and therefore will be eligible for a captaincy. I hope he does it. All for now, dearest – except I love you more each day, and never forget that! Love to the folks and to you –

My deepest love

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about "A Bridge Too Far"
Operation Market Garden - Part V

The story of the fifth day of Operation Market Garden was written on the web site "Remember September '44"

British 1st Airborne Division

The 2nd Battalion, or what was left of them, no longer could hold their position and surrendered in the morning. Some men tried to escape to Oosterbeek, but only a few made it. All the German forces had concentrated on the 'perimeter' at Oosterbeek. German reinforcements arrived, which only made things worse. But despite heavy German attacks, the British troops’ position hardly changed though they suffered severe losses. Supplies still didn't arrive on the correct side of the bridge. Although the British had changed the drop zone for supplies, poor radio communications meant the RAF was not informed. German anti-aircraft guns also caused some losses. Maj. Gen. Stanislaw Sosabowsk’s 1st Polish Independent Parachute Brigade was dropped two days later than scheduled. They were dropped on the other side of the river near the village Driel. Their intended drop zone was south of the Traffic Bridge, but since the bridge was in German hands another drop zone was chosen. In addition to being late, bad weather forced some C-47s to return to their bases, so that not all of the 1st Para-battalion jumped. And the planes that did make it to Arnhem were attacked heavily by German anti-aircraft guns.

Maybe the worst part was the German's taking the ferry over the river which the Poles intended to use to reach the British. Instead, the Poles were stuck on the far side of the river and could do practically nothing other than wait. On the plus side, the Germans now had to pay attention to both the British and the Poles, giving some relief to the 'perimeter' troops. The British finally made radio contact with the XXX Corps at Nijmegen, although much later than planned. Now the British could count on artillery support from Nijmegen. From this day on, the British at Oosterbeek passed on the positions of the Germans so the artillery could start shelling them. This was a welcome support!

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division

The 504th defended the bridge in Nijgemen and held the area along the riverside. Although the Germans lost the bridges, they kept on attacking. The 508th Regiment was still embroiled in the fight against the Germans in Beek, which started on September the 20th. The first attempt to liberate the town failed, but a second was successful. In the evening, after intense fighting, Beek was in American hands again. The XXX Corps could have continued their advance towards Arnhem now that the bridge was in Allied hands, but instead they stopped. The Americans were baffled…and furious. They had expected the British armor would rush to Arnhem to relieve the British 1st Airborne Division, but, as Colonel Reuben Tucker of the 504th Regiment said, "all they seem to be doing is brewing tea". Actually, Horrocks of the XXX Corps wanted to wait until the infantry arrived to make his tanks less vulnerable. Many of the Allies didn't appreciate his cautious stance. The majority of the supplies dropped were recovered with help from the local people. However, the reinforcements were still grounded.

U.S. 101st Airborne Division

The 1st Battalion of the 501st Regiment crossed the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal near Dinther, the village they had liberated the day before. They headed for Schijndel, a village west of Veghel. Late in the afternoon, Schijndel was reached and an attack was launched. Only a part of the village was liberated. The 3rd Battalion reached the road between Schijndel and St. Oedenrode. The Germans launched an attack on St. Oedenrode, but the men of the 502nd Regiment withstood the assault. The 506th Regiment, with British XXX Corps’ tanks, continued their assault on the Germans near Nederwetten. Finally, the Germans retreated and the corridor was open again.

British XXX Corps

Horrocks, the XXX Corps’ commander, wouldn’t continue his tanks' advance towards Arnhem until supporting British infantry arrived, even though they hadn’t even reached Grave yet. Although given priority, this division made slow progress. The constant shelling of the corridor by the Germans delayed them several times.

From cgmiki on YouTube:

20 September 1944

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Germany

20 September, 1944     1830

Dearest darling –

Germany, so far, looks just like any other country we’ve been in but – the people don’t. What a change just a boundary line can make! The towns along the border have taken a pasting and no one among the American soldiers seems to be sad over that fact. It has been a long time since Germany has been invaded. Maybe they will think things over next time. It’s a pleasure to go into someone’s field now and chew it all to hell and then leave – I used to feel sorry for the poor French and Belgians, but it’s so different now. As we ride through a small town – it seems strange not to see waving arms and broad smiles and gaily decorated streets. Instead, the people look sullen and only one person today smiled at us – he was in Priest’s clothing. An odd sight – all the white flags hanging out of many of the windows. Some are made of pillow cases, linen pieces with fancy edges, bed sheets – and even Turkish towels.

Today we saw the Seigfried line – or at least a part of it – and I was amazed at its simplicity. Certain it is – that so far – it has not been formidable and if the Allied progress has been slow – it has been due only to the ferocity of the German fighting rather than to the fortifications. Maybe it will be worse – deeper into Germany – but so far it is something that good propaganda was able to build up in the world’s mind – as something terrible and impregnable.

When I majored in German at school – I often wondered, dear, whether I would ever have the chance of visiting Germany. I never dreamed that war would bring me here. I’ve had some conversation – with a Priest today – and find that although my vocabulary is rusty – I can do quite well with my construction of a sentence. Not having spoken German for a long while – I was satisfied that I made myself understood quite easily. The Priest, by the way, told me that he and 180 other Catholics were the only ones left in town – out of 600 Catholics. The others had fled, disappeared etc. He was definitely not pro-Nazi in his speech – and the family he was staying with sounded the same, but darling, you just can’t trust them and I don’t aim to. It’s these bastards that brought me into the war and away from home and it is these same who, passively or actively, condoned the persecution of the helpless Jews and I can’t forget that. I am glad for one thing that I’ve noticed so far. Catholics and Protestants, alike, despise the Germans; all seem to remember the misery and suffering they’ve just seen in France and Belgium. If the Americans and British can only remain ‘hard’ – it will be good – because this time – let the Germans remember us as tough and perhaps they’ll think a long time before starting things.

Well, sweetheart, a lot of talk and wasted time without telling you that I can now say I love you in Germany – as well as in Belgium, France and England – not to mention the good old USA. I also love you darling, in 3 known languages and the Lord knows how many countless others that have never been articulated. The fact is, dear, I do love you and miss you more every day – and I think we’re beginning to see the light of this all. I hope I’m right – because – dammit – it’s been a long long time since I held you in my arms and tried to ‘break’ your back. Remember?

All for now, darling. Love to the folks and

All my deepest love.

Greg

P.S. Enclosed make 36.

Love

G.

Route of the Question Mark


CLICK ON IMAGE TO ENLARGE

(A) Welkenraedt, Belgium to (B) Rott, Germany (15 Miles)
16 to 20 September 1944

September 20... Rott, Germany. Our first entrance into Germany, through the futile dragons-teeth of the outer fringes of the Siegfried Line and past the houses with the white flags hanging from their windows. The bivouac area in the woods where it seemed to rain all the time, and during the day we had to build fires to keep warm, and at night we had to have white tape strung all over the area so the guards could find their way to their posts and back to their tents again.

* TIDBIT *

about "A Bridge Too Far"
Operation Market Garden - Part IV

125 Miles to the North of Rott, Germany, the northern-most bridge of Operation Market Garden, at Arnhem, was a bloodbath. The story of the fourth day of Operation Market Garden was written on the web site "Remember September '44"

British 1st Airborne Division

The 2nd battalion was still fighting to hold its position, with no hope of either the 2nd Army or 1st Airborne Division arriving. Because the rest of the British troops had withdrawn towards Oosterbeek, the Germans were given full play in Arnhem. The Germans started to set the houses in which the British soldiers were hiding on fire to force the soldiers out. At 0730 hours, the British paratroopers holding the north end of the Arnhem bridge were now defending smoldering ruins; there were no more than 300 men able to return the German fire. Hundreds of wounded fill the cellars. There was little ammunition; almost no food and water. But they were grimly determined to fight on. Then a mortar round exploded almost next to Col. John Frost; the irrepressible Frost was carried to a nearby cellar with shrapnel in his ankle and shin. A wounded soldier, seeing his commander, called to him: “Sir, can we still hold out?” By 1800 hours, the remnants of the bridge defenders surrendered or tried to escape through the German lines. As the wounded were carried out of the cellars, they were treated by their captors to chocolates, cigarettes, and brandy; it is ironic that the treats were from supplies intended for the 1st Airborne. A final radio message was sent out from the bridge defenders. It never reached any Allied forces, but it was picked up at 9th SS Panzer headquarters: “Out of ammunition. God Save the King.”

The rest of the troops at Oosterbeek, realized that reaching the bridge was impossible and so they concentrated on the region around the Headquarters in Oosterbeek. If they could hold this position, maybe the 2nd Army (XXX Corps) could still cross the river at Oosterbeek. Again, most dropped supplies fell into German hands.

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division

The boats for crossing the Waal arrived, and the 504th Regiment succeeded in clearing the western part of Nijmegen. The 504th Regiment prepared for a hazardous and heroic crossing which began around 1500 when 26 boats pushed off. Tanks and fighter planes gave cover. Unfortunately, an unfavourable wind kept a smoke screen from providing cover for the risky undertaking. The Germans put a deadly fire across the river and casualties were severe, yet the operation was successful. The paratroopers managed to reach the dike on the other side, and crushed the German positions at Lent. The attacks on the bridges in Nijmegen also were successful. The Allied forces reached the ramp of both the railroad and traffic bridge. Around 1900, the first British Sherman tanks crossed the Waal and met the men from 504th Regiment on the other side. Many explosives were found on the bridge, but for some reason the Germans failed to set them off before the British tanks crossed it.

CLICK ON IMAGE TO ENLARGE

Nijgenem Bridge after capture

Meanwhile, the forces at Groesbeek were heavily attacked by Germans supported by tanks, artillery and fighter planes. The attack on a suburb of Groesbeek was stopped before the Germans could the reach the city. The suburb, De Horst, was battered. During Market Garden the area was a constant scene of battle as one moment the Americans controlled it and the next moment it was the Germans. In the north and south the situation was critical. In the north German forces managed to reach Berg en Dal and Beek. The fight in the streets of Beek and around the Devil's Hill would last for almost two days. In the south Mook had fallen in German hands again and now the bridge at Heumen was in danger. The bridge at Heumen was of vital importance to the advance of XXX Corps and had to be secured. The paratroopers of the 505th Regiment fought back, supported by their artillery and the Coldstream Guards from XXX Corps. In the evening Mook was recaptured and just as De Horst, heavily damaged. The weather conditions back in England forced the planes to stay on the ground... again. The required men were two days late. They were really needed, especially after today, when the 82nd Airborne Division suffered their heaviest losses.

U.S. 101st Airborne Division

The German paratroopers who forced the Americans of the 501th Regiment to retreat on September 19th were surrounded by the Americans and defeated. More than 400 Germans were captured and the village Dinther was liberated. Panther tanks of the 107th Panzer Brigade again endangered the corridor. They shelled the passing trucks on the road to Son and tried to cut off the advance. American airborne troops with British support launched a counter-attack, but the battle was undecided. The fighting continued throughout the day.

British XXX Corps

The Guards Armoured Division supported the American attack on the bridge. The heroic river crossing of the American paratroopers was successful. In evening the first Sherman tanks crossed the traffic bridge. The bridge was in Allied hands. The Coldstream Guards assisted in clearing Mook from the Germans, who succeeded in recapturing the village and were now threatening the bridge at Heumen. The corridor was in danger too in Son, but the Allies retained control.

From cgmiki on YouTube:

19 September 1944

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Belgium

19 September, 1944       1835

My dearest darling –

I’ll have to write swiftly because it will be dark soon – and then complete blackout. This is so much different than maneuvers – by the way, dear. A stray or careless lighting of a match or lighter is often fatal here. The boys take no chances. They shoot and ask questions afterwards – particularly in the region where we’re at now – but don’t worry, darling. I’m taking good care of myself.

I was busy all day today, dear, and that accounts for my getting started so late in writing. Tomorrow I go to another battery for a 3 day inspection – and that should end my traipsing around for a spell. The territory around here is very beautiful and scenic – but one doesn’t travel along with the reckless abandon which was characteristic up to now. You have to watch out.

On the whole – things have been quite quiet and easy for us of late – and we’re satisfied. What we don’t like at present is the early approach of darkness. It gets dark about 1900 and there just isn’t anything to do. Our medical tent blacks out fairly well – but with candle light. You can’t read or write very well with that and if several get into the tent – it soon gets stuffy. The only alternative then – is to go to bed – and gosh, darling, I can’t go to bed that early – i.e. – not alone. I bet when I get home and we’re married – that I beat you to bed every night – unless I’m on a call! Some of the fellows just thrive on this 10-12 hours of sleep, but I can’t. About six or seven hours – and I’ve had enough. Well – soon the war will be over, sweetheart – and it won’t make any difference. The end seems so near and yet so far at times. When it really comes – it will be difficult to believe – but come – it must soon, I feel. And with it – a better chance of returning home soon to you dear. Gosh – just to be with you and talk to you and look at you would be all I want for awhile. I would tell you how much I love you, darling and how hard it was living away from you all these months. It will be so satisfying to be able to tell you in person though.

Sweetheart – it’s getting dark quickly so I’d better close. The enclosed snaps, dear, make 28 that I’ve sent. I hope you’re receiving them. I see no reason why not – since they are of little ‘military value’.

Good nite for now, dearest, my love to the folks – and

All my sincerest love

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about "A Bridge Too Far"
Operation Market Garden - Part III

The story of the third day of Operation Market Garden was written on the web site "Remember September '44"

British 1st Airborne Division

The 1st and 3rd battalion, the South Staffords and the KOSB tried to reach the isolated 2nd battalion at the bridge. Heavy fights took place and the British troops suffered severe losses, their remaining forces pressed by advancing German tanks to retreat towards Oosterbeek. It was getting harder for the 2nd battalion to hold their position at the bridge. Every day casualties increased. The advance by the 4th Parachute Brigade was stopped north of Oosterbeek. Around 1700, the British withdrew towards Wolfheze. During this withdrawal, they had to cross open terrain covered by heavy German fire. Many soldiers were killed. At that moment, gliders carrying the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade’s equipment started landing on open terrain. Suddenly, from out of nowhere, German Messerschmitt fighters appeared and between these and German ground shelling most of the gliders and equipment were destroyed. Meanwhile, the German forces were still increasing in number. Then the British were attacked from the west. Supply was another problemas the zone where the supplies were dropped was in German hands. As a result, the British ended up with only 10% of the supplies dropped. Meanwhile, at the Arnhem bridge, Colonel Frost waited in vain all day for reinforcements.

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division

In the morning, the first contact was made with the XXX Corps by the 504th Regiment. Around 0900 the vanguard of the Guards Armoured Division arrived at Grave. The main force of the XXX Corps arrived three hours later. Browning and Gavin met at Overasselt and decided that an assault on the bridge should be carried out today. The 504th Regiment left some men behind to defend the secured bridges. The rest went to Nijmegen with the Grenadier Guards and launched an attack on the bridge. The Germans defending the bridge were reinforced by elements of the 10th SS Panzer Division which had crossed the canal at Pannerden. The attack was stopped by heavy German resistance. Gavin came up with a plan because the bridge had to be taken as soon as possible, especially since the XXX Corps had arrived. The following day men of the 504th Regiment would cross the Waal river and attack the bridge from the rear. The 505th Regiment and the Guards Armoured Division would simultaneously attack the south ramp of the bridge This plan could not be carried out until the next day because the boats needed for the crossing were still in the rear of the slowly advancing British XXX Corps and had to be brought to Nijmegen first. The 505th Regiment defended the area Groesbeek-Mook. They withstood several German attacks and still retained control over the area. The third lift practically didn't arrive. Because of the bad weather in England the airborne forces couldn't take off. Only the C-47's carrying the supplies were able to fly to the Netherlands, but almost none of the supplies were recovered.

U.S. 101st Airborne Division

Near Veghel the 501st Regiment was attacked by German paratroopers. They were forced to retreat, but they were able to withstand the assault. More infantry arrived at the landing zone and were used both to defend the landing zone and to support the troops at Best, where the men of the 502nd Regiment had been fighting since early morning. With these new reinforcements and the support of British tanks, the Germans were defeated late afternoon, capturing about 1,000 German soldiers. The 506th Regiment patrolled positions west and east of Eindhoven with British. Suddenly, Panther tanks approached Son and opened fire at the town, including the Bailey bridge. This was a serious threat to the corridor. Luckily, a 57-mm anti-tank gun, just moved from the landing zone, eliminated some of the tanks before they caused any real damage. The other tanks retreated and the corridor was saved again. That night the Luftwaffe bombed Eindhoven killing more than 200 and injuring 800 of its inhabitants, turning exuberance into grief and mourning. The attack delayed XXX Corps for several hours.

British XXX Corps

The Royal Engineers worked continuously on the Bailey bridge across the Wilhelmina canal and were done by early in the morning. The Grenadier Guards’ Sherman tanks leading the XXX Corps were the first to cross this bridge. They advanced directly towards Veghel where they linked up with the U.S. 101st Airborne Division’s 501st Regiment. Although the Americans took the bridge across the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal intact, some tanks had to cross the canal by a temporary wooden bridge (constructed by Airborne engineers) because the secured drawbridge was too narrow. At 0900, the second link up was made. Scout cars reached the 82nd U.S. Airborne Division at Grave. An hour later, British XXX Corps tanks crossed the Grave bridge and headed for Nijmegen. Now that Nijmegen was reached, a constant flow of vehicles of XXX Corps came through the corridor south of Nijmegen until September 22nd. The shortest way from Grave to Nijmegen was over the Maas-Waal canal bridge known as the Honinghutjes bridge, but it was badly damaged in earlier fights between the American paratroopers and the Germans making it unsuitable for British tanks. The XXX Corps had to cross the Maas-Waal canal at Heumen and continue to Nijmegen. When the Grenadier Guards reached Nijmegen an Anglo-American assault was launched to gain control over the bridges at Nijmegen but it failed.

From cgmiki on YouTube:

18 September 1944

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Belgium

18 September, 1944        1130

Dearest fiancée –

I just got back from New Year’s services at a nearby hospital and I enjoyed it very much. There was only a small group of us – but a Captain from N.Y. carried on very well and we went through the whole series of prayers – there’s something about praying that is satisfying – and when the Services were over – I felt a great deal closer in spirit to you and the families. The Lord has been good to us darling, to have kept us for each other, despite the distance separating us and the dangers involved. I prayed today that He continue to favor us by watching over us.

Strangely enough, dear, the hospital I visited today was one which came overseas with us from N.Y. They were on the same ship – which, by the way, if I haven’t told you already, dear, was the Aquitania. I met 2 of the fellows who had occupied the same state-room as I and we had a nice chat – reminiscing. They spent all their time in England in one spot and landed in France about 10 days after we did – but this is the first time I’ve run into them. If we stay close to them for awhile – I’m going to see if they can use some more help.

Last nite it was cold and rainy and really quite miserable outside. But we had pitched our Medical Tent, made it light proof and lighted some candles. We have a gasoline lantern for it but it is not working at present. Well – you’d be surprised how warm candles can make a tent. We called the Colonel in and we had a swell game of bridge. It was the first time any of us had played since way back in the early days at England. The colonel – by the way – is a cracker-jack player and I’ve picked up quite a bit from him.

You wrote in one of your letters that you wondered if I ever felt that you were beside me when I was walking or riding etc. Do I ever? Always, sweetheart, and that’s why I’ve said so many times before that when I return – it will be the most natural thing in the world – being with you. I have imagined you close to me – so many times and in such varied circumstances – that I’ll be surprised when you don’t recall an incident here or there that I tell you about. You certainly are in my mind darling, regardless of the circumstances.

By now you should be well acclimated to your position and I hope you continue to find it interesting and time-absorbing. Remember when you were working at the department store, dear? I’m glad you didn’t follow that up. Gee – it seems like ages ago when you were writing me about it.

The pictures enclosed – darling – make 21 I’ve sent – and I hope you’re enjoying seeing them – as much as I enjoyed taking them. Each one will be the center of some incident I can recall and tell you about – when this is finally all over.

I’ll stop now, sweetheart. I hope things are going along well at home and I hope you’re seeing my folks more often again. Until tomorrow, dear, so long – love to the folks and

All my deepest love

Greg.

* TIDBIT *

about "A Bridge Too Far"
Operation Market Garden - Part II

In all, 35,000 men and equipment, such as jeeps and guns, had to be transported for Operation Market Garden. Such a large number of men could not be brought to their targets in just one day. Only one airlift per day was feasible. It would take 2 or 3 days to bring all the men and their equipment to their destinations. This would reduce the surprise effect, but there was no other choice.

On 18 September 1944, the clear blue sky over Holland was darkened by seemingly endless serials of Allied transports, bombers, and gliders. Over 1,300 C-47 transports, 340 Stirling bombers, and 252 B-24 bombers thundered toward the drop and landing zones. Nearly 900 fighters provided escort; over 1,200 gliders packed with vehicles, artillery, and men completed the vast air fleet. The 252 B-24s lumbered over the drop zones at 50 to 800 feet, each attempting to drop two tons of supplies. Over 20 escort fighters were shot down; 11 bombers went down and another 120 were damaged.

The story of the second day of Operation Market Garden was written on the web site "Remember September '44"

British 1st Airborne Division

Over the 1st Airborne’s drop zones, the sky was filled with parachutes and gliders - and it was filled with bullets and exploding shells from concentrated German fire. The Germans had the landing zones covered with machine gun, mortar, and artillery fire. The situation was chaotic; but by some miracle, most of the paratroopers survived to take positions on the 1st Division's perimeters. The situation was not improved when the vast majority of supplies fell into the waiting hands of the Germans. At about 0930, a squadron of the 9th SS Panzer Division made an attempt to cross the Arnhem Bridge from the south and were crushed by the British troops. The road was full of burning wrecks and dead soldiers.

CLICK ON IMAGE TO ENLARGE

Arnhem Bridge looking south to north
after the unsuccessful German rush
on 18 September 1944

The Germans started to press the 2nd battalion with mortars and artillery. Frost was still isolated from the rest of the forces and ammunition and medication began to run down. The 3rd battalion had left Oosterbeek in the morning and was heading for the same road the 2nd battalion had followed. Later, the 1st battalion would do the same. Fire from guns of the 10th SS Hohenstaufen Division stranded both units near the St. Elisabeth Gasthuis (a temporary care center for wounded British soldiers). The British spread out in all directions. Due to fog in England, the 2nd day of landings in Arnhem took place later in the afternoon than planned. The 4th Parachute Brigade brought 1st and 3rd battalions reinforcements. The 11th battalion of the newly arrived brigade was sent to assist the 2nd battalion at the Arnhem bridge but was heavily attacked by the Germans and forced to retreat. Frost's 2nd battalion was still alone.

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division

Of the 454 gliders assigned to the 82nd’s landing zones, 385 landed safely, delivering almost 1,800 artillerymen, 177 jeeps, and 60 guns. During the night, the 508th Regiment had attempted to seize the Nijmegen Bridge several times, but every time their attack got bogged down. A patrol of the 508th went back to the town's post office after a tip from some civilians that the igniter of explosives on the bridge was located there. They entered and destroyed anything that looked suspicious, but then found themselves surrounded by the Germans. They were stuck there for three more days.

Waalbrug Bridge over the Waal River in
Nijmegen, Netherlands before the War

The 82nd Division still had to prevent the Germans from recapturing those targets taken on the 17th. The 504th Regiment patrolled between Grave and Nijmegen and along the Maas-Waal canal, and together with the 508th Regiment they captured another bridge across the Maas-Waal canal, between Grave and Nijmegen. Meanwhile, a ragtag German force launched an assault on the landing zones. The 505th Regiment was attacked out of the Reichswald forest, but regained control of that landing zone around noon. However, some 500 German soldiers managed to advance and occupy the vital landing zone at Groesbeek. Priority number one shifted from the bridge at Nijmegen to the landing zone at Groesbeek because the second lift, bringing more artillery and infantry, was due to arrive at 1300. Reserves were put into action and men had to come all the way back from Nijmegen to support the men in Groesbeek. The Americans were outnumbered, but by 1400 the landing zone was back in their hands. Fortunately, the second lift had been delayed by fog so Gavin's men arriving around 1430 were able to land on the cleared zones. American “Liberator” bombers dropped supplies, 80 per cent of which were salvaged.

U.S. 101st Airborne Division

Of the 450 gliders assigned to the 101st’s landing zones, 428 landed safely. General Taylor’s force was bolstered by the nearly 2,700 men added to his ranks, along with much-needed vehicles and ammunition. The American positions at Veghel (501st Regiment) and St. Oedenrode (502th Regiment) were attacked several times by German troops, but all attacks were warded off. With the Son bridge destroyed, the bridge at Best had become the main target. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 502nd Regiment were sent to Best but the Germans were stronger and the two battalions were forced to take a defensive position. In spite of their stronger positions the Germans must have been afraid of losing the bridge because around 1100 the bridge was blown up. The 506th Regiment marched on towards Eindhoven. When they reached the outskirts of Eindhoven they were attacked. By approaching the city from different sides they put the attacking guns out of action. Bridges across the Dommel were taken without any fights and road blocks were set up. Around noon the first contact between the U.S. 101st Airborne Division (Market) and the British XXX Corps (Garden) was made. Armored cars had approached Eindhoven from the west. In the south the main force was held up by German resistance in Aalst but by nightfall contact was made between the paratroopers and the main force. Eindhoven was liberated. The 327th Glider Regiment landed providing reinforcement. Supplies were dropped by American Liberators, but only half were recovered.

Easy Company of the 101st Airborne in Eindenhoven
on 18 September 1944

From cgmiki on YouTube:

17 September 1944

V-MAIL

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Belgium

17 September, 1944      1800

Dearest darling Wilma –

Happy New Year to you sweetheart, – and to the family – and I hope this is the last one we have to spend apart from one another. Somehow dearest, I miss you awfully on the Holidays – and tonight is no exception. I sure could kiss and hug you to a fair-thee-well or is it fare-thee-well? In any respect – I’d love to be doing just that right now, dear – and very, very hard!

Excuse the V-mail, darling. This time it is not due to being hurried – but to the weather – which all day has been unpleasant. I waited until now – but I finally had to start because it will be dark soon. We went back on the old time – last nite and it now gets dark early

I will be unable to attend services tonite – but I’ll do my darndest to go tomorrow and do some real concentrated praying – for you, your folks and family – and mine. Until later – sweetheart – I’ll say ‘so long’ – and remember, dear – my sincerest and everlasting love is yours alone –

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about "A Bridge Too Far"
Operation Market Garden - Part I

CLICK ON IMAGES TO ENLARGE

Drop sites and Starting Points

Most of the writing about Operation Market Garden was written on a site called "Remember September '44".

In early September 1944, Montgomery, in order to maintain the momentum of the Allied movement from Normandy towards Germany, conceived an operation to outflank the German "West Wall" defensive line. Montgomery persuaded Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower that his daring plan of forcing a narrow corridor from Eindhoven northward to Arnhem and establishing a bridgehead across the Rhine River held the promise of causing a German collapse by the end the year. Montgomery's Operation Market-Garden, the biggest airborne operation in our history, consisted of two parts.

The Market part of Montgomery's operation was to lay a carpet with the First Allied Airborne Army to seize seven canal and river bridges in Holland as well as the very important bridge, in terms of supply across the lower Rhine, at the town of Arnhem. The Garden part of the operation was to have the British XXX Corp's Armored Division rapidly move 60 miles along the narrow corridor crossing to secure the captured bridges and join the airborne forces in Arnhem

Three main advantages were expected to be achieved:

• Cutting the land exit of the Germans remaining in western Holland,
• Outflanking the enemy's frontier defences, the West Wall or the Siegfried Line, and
• Positioning British ground forces for a drive into Germany via the North German plain.

The 17th of September was the so called "Day Zero" of the operation. Before the actual airborne landings took place the Allies bombarded German positions so that the paratroops could be dropped with less risk. Around 0900 in the morning the air-raid warning sounded in Arnhem. The 2nd Tactical Air Force bombed German barracks and anti-aircraft positions.

British 1st Airborne Division

From airfields in the U.K. paratrooper units from the First British Airborne Division, including the Polish 1st Parachute Brigade, left in 145 U.S. transport planes and 358 British tow planes towing 354 Gliders all to land near Wolfheze. the British 1st Airborne Division had to secure the bridge over the Rhine at Arnhem.

First British Airborne Division's Operation

Major Gough’s Reconnaissance Squadron was ordered to occupy the Arnhem bridge by following a path along the railway, but ran into Sturmbahnführer Kraft’s training battalion near the railroad and the Wolfhezerweg. Meanwhile, the 1st Parachute Brigade's three battalions continued their advance towards Arnhem, each battalion by a different route. Lt. Col. John Fitch’s 3rd battalion followed the 'Tiger' route. Near Hotel de Bilderberg, they came upon Kraft's battalion. Due to this hold-up they didn’t reach Hotel Hartenstein until after sunset. Lt. Col. John Frost’s 2nd battalion followed the 'Lion' route. They were delayed in Oosterbeek by a welcome from the Dutch people and arrived at the railroad bridge too late. The Germans had blown it up. Then they were attacked by German machine-guns and armored cars. B-Company started to fight back, while A-Company continued their advance. The second target, the pontoon bridge, was partly down so they couldn't reach the southern bank of the river. Finally, they were able to reach the last target, Arnhem’s traffic bridge. But they could only take the northern access road and failed to cross the bridge because of SS groups defending the bridge’s southern access road. Now 2nd battalion’s approximately 600 men were surrounded and cut off. Lt. Col. David Dobie’s 1st Battalion followed the 'Leopard'. There they had to fight the 9th SS Panzer Division and suffered many losses. They heard that the 2nd battalion had reached the bridge, so they deviated from their planned route and went southwards but failed to join up with them. Like the 3rd Battalion they only reached the outskirts of Arnhem.

U.S. 101st Airborne Division

The American 101st Airborne Division was transported by 424 U.S transport planes and 70 towing planes with gliders. The U.S. 101st Airborne Division had its drop zone near Eindhoven, Best, Son, St-Oedenrode and Veghel. The 101st had to secure the bridge over the Wilhelmina canal in Son, the bridge over the Dommel in St-Oedenrode and the bridges over the Aa and Zuid-Willemsvaart canal near Veghel.

American 101st Airborne Divisions' Operation

501st Regiment of the 'Screaming Eagles' jumped near Veghel. By 1700, they had captured two bridges intact and set up a strong roadblock south of Veghel near the village of Eerde. Their operation was accomplished successfully. The 502nd Regiment landed in the triangle of Son-Best-St. Oedenrode. They encountered some light resistance at St. Oedenrode, but the bridge across the Dommel was taken intact. Another target of the 502nd Regiment was the bridge near Best. If this bridge could be taken General Taylor would hold two bridges across the Wilhelmina Canal; this one and another at Son. Taylor was told that only a few German units were settled at Best. Since the bridge was only a secondary target only one company was sent. They ran into strong resistance. Reinforcements were sent, but the battle ceased when the night fell. The 506th Regiment was to take the most important bridge in the Eindhoven-area, the swing bridge at Son. Immediately after landing, the three battalions approached the town in two ways. The first battalion was in front and went southwards. The rest of the 506th Regiment followed the main road through Son. It took about an hour to eliminate German resistance before they could advance. It was an hour too long. The Germans had had the time to blow up the Son bridge. Two other bridges had been blown up by the Germans several days earlier. A footbridge was constructed and a defense line was set up south of the Wilhelmina canal. Eindhoven, which according to the plan had to be taken this day, was not reached.

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division

The American 82nd Airborne Division left in 480 U.S transport planes and 50 towing planes with their gliders. The bridges over the Maas at Grave and the Waal at Nijmegen were the targets of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division; they were dropped near Groesbeek and Overasselt.

American 82nd Airborne Division's Operation

The drop zones chosen for the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division were rather far away from the selected targets because German anti-aircraft guns were near the bridges. Troops of the 505th Regiment entered Groesbeek and continued towards the Maas-Waal canal bridges. 504th Regiment landed near Overasselt. The 2nd battalion landed to the south at Grave, 700 meters from one of the bridges that had to be taken. They surprised German troops and took the bridge with hardly any resistance. The rest of the 504th Regiment had to take the bridges over the Maas-Waal canal. They succeeded in securing the Heumen bridge and made contact with the 505th Regiment. The two other bridges were blown up by the Germans just before the arrival of the American troops. It had been hoped that all bridges over the canal could be secured, but one bridge was enough to ensure the advance of the XXX Corps. Now only one target remained, the bridge at Nijmegen. German troops prevented the Americans from taking that bridge. However, the Americans succeeded in blocking Nijmegen’s access roads. The 82nd Airborne Division’s first day was successful. All of its objectives, except one, had been achieved.

British XXX Corps

Meanwhile, the British XXX Corps Armored Division began their advance from the South. Both the XII Corps and the VIII Corps were to give side cover to the advancing XXX Corps. This corridor (the red line on the map) was named 'Hell's Highway' because the route was very poor. There was only one road leading to Valkenswaard and Eindhoven which made the whole operation very difficult. Just over the Belgian-Dutch border the advance got bogged down because of German anti-tank guns. In no time several Sherman tanks were knocked out of action. Only after help from RAF Typhoon fighter-bombers did the British succeed in crushing the German resistance. The advance continued slowly, and on Operation Market Garden’s first day, the XXX Corps only reached Valkenswaard, not their intended target, Eindhoven. Operation Garden was already behind schedule.

From cgmiki on YouTube:

16 September 1944

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Belgium

16 September, 1944      1300

Dearest sweetheart –

I started to write you a V-mail because we’re off on a storm again – but we’ve been delayed for 30 minutes – so I started this. If I end abruptly, dear, you’ll know why.

I received one more letter from you – 22 August and very sweet and sentimental. We do see eye to eye, dear – and I don’t see how we can miss hitting off a very happy life together.

Yesterday p.m. I went looking for a radio and believe it or not, I found one. They are scarcer than anything you can imagine – especially battery sets. I found one – an R.C.A. and it plays well. I had to pay 4000 francs for it – that’s $80.00 and I’ve already been offered $20.00 profit by at least 3 different men. I’ve already written you I believe, darling, that I asked my father to get me one. If he has already done so – it is all right – because I can get rid of this one without any trouble at all. And besides – this one I have is for battery only and he may send me the combination type.

You know, dear, I got a good laugh in one of your recent letters. You mentioned you had been discussing things with Nin one day and of all things to discuss you mention the subject of arguments. What struck me funny was your decision that they are nice to have because making up is such good fun. I think you’ve hit on something there, sweetheart – and no doubt we’ll have our arguments, too. The only thing you didn’t mention – was a time limit. That’s important. First we have the argument, then a time limit for pouting – depending on what we were arguing about – and then – oh boy, we enjoy the end of the argument!

Oh – the enclosed post-card picture was taken by the proprietor of the place where I had my work done. He also give me a picture of Hitler superimposed riding on a Pig and made me promise I’d put it in the window of the jeep – which I did of course. The other snaps are from back in France and should make a total of 15 I’ve sent you. Let me know, darling, as you receive them. I have a total of 52, I believe, to send. That’s all I had on hand.

Hello, dear! Love from Liège, Belgium - September 1944
[Greg is in the passenger seat.]

My sincerest love,

Greg

P.S. Love to the folks –

G.

Route of the Question Mark


[CLICK ON MAP TO ENLARGE]

(A) Romsee to (B) Welkenraedt (17 Miles)
11 to 16 September 1944

September 16... Welkenraedt. A Nazi plane, shot down in a dog fight, almost crushed our field, and the Belgian farmers tried to spread manure all over our area to fertilize it, and the days were getting shorter, so we'd listen to the BBC nine o'clock news on Capt RENKIN'S radio and then go to bed.

* TIDBIT *

about Humanizing...

Two soldiers were mentioned in today's excerpt from The Route of the Question Mark. Here is a little about each.

The Nazi Pilot

The Nazi plane shot down was flown by Obergefreiter Hermann Hillebrand, who was reported to be Killed-In-Action during aerial combat "with a P-47 or a P-38" at Schinnen, by Welkenredt, Belgium, 16 kilometers southeast of Aachen. He was buried at Lommel, Belgium. He had been flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8.

CLICK ON IMAGES TO ENLARGE

Hillebrand had been awarded the "Fighter Operational Clasp in Bronze". The "Bronze" clasp was awarded to German aviators for 20 operational flights.

Here is a picture of that clasp (shown in silver)

The man with the radio

William Stewart Renkin, a general contractor and architectural draftsman, was born June 16, 1913 in Pittsburgh, PA. He served in the African/Middle East Campaign as well as the European Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes and Rhineland Campaigns and was awarded 6 Battle Stars and the American Defense Medal. He was married to Genevieve Conklin in New York in 1942 and had three children: William M., Elizabeth "Betty" and Genevieve "Jenne". A 20-year veteran of the U.S. Army, Renkin retired as captain for the 213th Regiment, Coastal Artillery. William S. Renkin died in February of 1979 in Lancaster, PA.

Here is a picture of William Stewart Renkin

William's son, William Matthew Renkin, born in October of 1946, was the last of eight generations, all with the first name of William, to serve in the U.S.Army. He served for thirty years, from two tours in Vietnam to a Pentagon position in computer mapping for Desert Storm. Master Sgt. Renkin died in July of 2005 at the Lebanon VA Medical Center, following a brief illness.

Here is a picture of William Matthew Renkin

William S. Renkin's daughter, Betty, retired from the U.S. Army as a Sergeant. His other daughter, Jenne, is a former nurse's aide, a published author of some of the local history of Lancaster, PA and one of the original guides for the Historic Lancaster Walking Tour, begun in 1975.

15 September 1944

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

Belgium

15 September, 1944       0950

My dearest sweetheart –

Nothing pleases me much more these days than letters from you in which you plan for the future. I do the same and it’s so comforting to realize that we think alike along important lines. The fact is we have several things already settled – and despite the fact that I’ve been away a long time, we were engaged through the mails etc. – we are closer and more settled than a good many couples who have known each other for years, got engaged and then wonder – what next? I’ve known dozens of such instances and so must you, no doubt.

Starting from the beginning – let’s take stock – so to speak. I know I love you, need you, want you and I’m positive you’re the kind of wife I’ve always wanted. You feel that I’ll make a good husband and I know you love me, dear. Well – that’s a good beginning and a necessary one. A good many couples get that far. How do we differ? Well – sweetheart – in the 1st place, I’ve got a job – or profession. That’s very important – because we’ve got to live and we’ll assume the job will give us security. I’ve had a crack at it and despite the war – it won’t be like starting new. What else? Well – we know where we’re going to settle down – i.e. – in Salem – so that’s another thing we don’t have to ponder over.

As I see it, darling, we have to decide the following: the actual date of our marriage, the actual spot where we’ll live and the site of my office – and dammit – that shouldn’t be too tough to take care of. And with those things settled we can sail right into a long and happy lifetime together.

I’ve analyzed the situation in matter of fact terms, I know – dear – but I see no harm in that. I just want you to feel that when you’re planning things – that you’ve got something to back up your planning. All we need now, sweetheart, is an end of the war and a speedy return home!

The enclosed snaps, dear, speak for themselves – and don’t tell me I cut my hair too short! A good many of us, by the way, have gone all summer with hair practically all off.

Darling – of course I was jealous when I read about your ‘date’ – but as long as he’s going to China or some place – I don’t mind too much. I guess you know I’m a jealous sort of person, dear – but with reason, I hope. I believe you once told me you were jealous by nature – although you’ve never actually shown it to me.

Although I don’t know Mr. Tofias – I’m very sorry to read about his heart trouble. He undoubtedly had more than just angina – probably a Coronary Thrombosis. From what you’ve written about him in the past – he sounds like a pretty swell guy – and I do hope that for his own sake and that of his family – he pulls thru. Who is taking care of him, by the way?

I had gathered in the past that Nancy and the Rowes didn’t hit it off too well. That’s too bad – of course I’ve known about Verna and the Fines right from the start. Verna made Irv feel quite badly in the early days – by the way she treated – or responded to his folks. No doubt there are two sides to the story – but it’s unfortunate nevertheless. I do hope and pray our set-up will be different. I kind of think it will. I’m not too difficult to get along with, neither are you – and neither are our folks. In addition to all that – we’ll be 20 miles away – which for most young couples – is a good thing. Anyway – that’s one thing I’m not worrying about, dear.

Darling – I’ll have to stop now and do some work. I’ve got to hand in a report on my 3 day inspection with C Battery. Keep your spirits up, sweetheart, enjoy your job while it lasts – because I’ll be coming home and taking you away from it one of these days – and then we’ll be together for always. Love to the folks and

All my sincerest love,

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about The Rhineland Campaign Plans

The red dashed line shows the Allied position on 15 September 1944.

CLICK ON IMAGE TO ENLARGE

The red colored areas show the Siegfried Line.
The long blue river from Holland to Switzerland is the Rhine.
Allied Armies and Generals are in Blue Boxes, Germany's are in Red.

From Rhineland, a U.S. Army Center for Military History brochure written by Ted Ballard comes this information:

In September 1944, the long-awaited final victory over Nazi Germany seemed close at hand for the Allies. In the East, the Red Army moved inexorably towards the German frontier. In the skies over the Third Reich and the occupied countries, Allied air power wreaked havoc on the Wehrmacht, German industry, and lines of communication. In the West, three Allied army groups stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland-poised for the final assault against the Nazi homeland.

The mood in General Dwight D. Eisenhower's Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), was almost euphoric. General Eisenhower's intelligence officer predicted that victory in Europe was "within sight, almost within reach." The First Army chief of intelligence was even more optimistic, declaring that it was unlikely that organized German resistance would continue beyond 1 December 1944. Others, however, believed that the Germans remained unbeaten. Col. Oscar W. Koch, the Third Army intelligence officer, was convinced that the German Army, far from being routed, was playing for time and preparing for a "last-ditch struggle in the field at all costs."

Events soon proved Koch correct. Instead of a quick dash into the heart of Germany, what awaited General Eisenhower's armies was an exhausting campaign in horrid weather against a foe whose determination was steeled by the belief that he was fighting for the very survival of his homeland. As SHAEF plotted its next moves, 200,000 workers frantically labored to strengthen the German West Wall defenses, and the Wehrmacht prepared to contest the Allied advance in places like Arnhem, Aachen, the Huertgen Forest, Metz, and the foothills of the Vosges Mountains. The Rhineland Campaign was about to begin.

Montgomery, Bradley, and Patton agreed that the enemy was in disarray and that the time was ripe to exploit his confusion with bold action. Montgomery argued for "one really powerful and full-blooded thrust toward Berlin," by his army group, as a quick, sure way to end the war. To support his coup de grace, the British commander wanted Eisenhower to halt operations in the south and concentrate all available resources in the 21 Army Group. Bradley and Patton, equally anxious to make the main Allied effort, wanted to rush three corps across the Rhine near Wiesbaden, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe to force a rapid conclusion to the conflict. Eisenhower, in personal command of the forces on the European continent since 1 September, remained unconvinced that victory would be so simple. Worried that Germany still had substantial reserves, he believed that a single "pencil like thrust" into the German heartland would certainly be destroyed; instead, Eisenhower favored stretching the enemy everywhere. Enemy resistance, he pointed out, had clearly stiffened as the Allies approached the German frontier, and Allied logistical difficulties had become steadily more critical.

The rapid advance had taken its toll on both men and materiel, while the absence of a major port in the north created severe shortages, particularly in fuel. Indeed, the drive toward Germany was clearly stalling for want of adequate logistical support. Most of the supplies and reinforcements for Eisenhower's forces were still coming ashore across the invasion beaches, a precarious situation given the vulnerability of these unsheltered facilities to bad weather in the English Channel. Although the excellent port of Antwerp had been captured virtually intact on 4 September, it remained unusable because the Germans still controlled the Schelde estuary, the sixty-mile-long waterway that linked Antwerp with the sea, and thus blocked access to the harbor. The Mediterranean French ports had also fallen into Allied hands, but would take time to rehabilitate, as would the entire French rail and road system. With fuel and ammunition running critically short, Allied offensive power was limited.

Eisenhower directed that Montgomery, recently promoted to field marshal, take his 21 Army Group, along with part of the U.S. 12th Army Group and the First Allied Airborne Army, and push over the Rhine in the north. He charged the 12th Army Group (composed of the First, Third and newly operational Ninth Armies) with capturing Brest (in western France) and executing a limited attack to divert German forces southward until Montgomery had established his bridgehead over the Rhine. After the northern bridgehead was secured, the Third Army would advance through the Saar Valley and establish its own crossing sites. Eisenhower also tasked Montgomery to clear the approaches to Antwerp, thereby opening that vital port for Allied use. After securing the bridgeheads across the Rhine, the Allies would seize the Ruhr and concentrate forces for the final drive into Germany.