20 May 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

20 May, 1945      0810

Leipzig, Germany

Wilma, darling –

After I finish writing this I’m leaving for Weimar, which I never quite got to visit so far. Strictly speaking, I’m not going there to visit – but to buy some clothes at the officers’ Px there. It’s about 100 km (60 miles) from here. What in the world I want to but clothes for, I don’t know, but hell, I’ve got to be dressed up when I get back to see you, dear. I got an E.T.O. jacket when I was in Brussels, and I need a pair of trousers to match. We dress up more now – on Corps orders – to impress the Germans a bit, I guess. They’ve never been able to understand how officers and E.M. wear the same clothes all the time. It was definitely not so in their Army – or any other Army I guess. The Parisians were shocked too, to find officers dressed the way we were when we were on pass. It was combat clothes, of course, but they said the German officers made us look shabby by comparison. But what the heck – we won – and that’s what counts they way I see it.

Speaking of Paris – reminds me of your reference to my condition, darling, in the letter of 9 May which I got yesterday p.m. The only picture I can think of with me in it is the one at the sidewalk café. In answer to one question – yes – I had had a recent haircut and that’s the way the Army usually dishes them out. It all depends on the mood of our barber. But I hadn’t lost 10 lbs, darling – although I was plenty tired.

I enjoyed your letter, dear, and I wasn’t surprised to read that Boston had celebrated very much. Yes – I am anxious to get going, but my letters of the past week or so have certainly made that clear to you, I suspect. You bet it’s a good thing I wasn’t in New York trying to call you. Boy – I’d have been mad trying to get you while you were chatting on the phone – although I’d like to be mad right now. If that happens, sweetheart, don’t worry I’ll have your call cut off, you know – I’ve saved one dollar in U.S. money – just for that call – although more than likely all we’d have time for is to get down a couple of telegrams. Boy! Am I getting ahead of myself!

Say, I’m all mixed up about those people in Moscow. Apparently the family thinks I know one from the other. I don’t – but it’s nice of you to trouble yourself. Off hand I don’t believe any of our mail is allowed to go in that direction and I’m pretty certain there’s no mechanism set up for it, but I’ll speak with our Sgt.

And I’m sorry about Mother’s Day, dear. I know you’ve been busy and I didn’t want to bother you. I thought the easiest way was to have Eleanor order some flowers and let it go at that – and I did the same for the folk’s anniversary. I guess it’s too late now. And that reminds me, darling, I once asked you to remind me of anniversary and other days connected with your folks. You won’t forget, will you? I want to be a part of anything connected with them and right now I have to depend entirely on you. Once I’m back – I can give you more close support. I’m tired too of this long distance stuff. I’m kind of hoping for September at the latest – What was that about a Fall wedding?

And it’s so sweet of you to try to figure out my case. It’s difficult – and I can’t even do it from here. As I wrote – I have 67 points. I may get more; it seems we haven’t got credit for the Air offensive of Great Britain – we were attached to the 8th Air Force; also – we should get another star for the Battle of the Bulge. But all that doesn’t mean much. It’s the breaks that count. All I know is that I love you more strongly each day and want to get home, marry you and stay home – in or out of the Army. I don’t give a damn – as long as we’re married. It will come through – just as everything else has – and when it does – we’ll be ever so happy, darling. All for now – must be off to see the site of the Republic – at Weimar. Love to the folks – and

All my love is yours,

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about the Weimar Republic and the City of Weimar

The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was German Realm (Deutsches Reich), which is often mistranslated into English as German Empire, or rendered by the partial translation German Reich.

Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year. The ensuing period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the nascent Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler in 1933. The legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The republic nominally continued to exist until 1945, as the constitution was never formally repealed. However, the measures taken by the Nazis in the early part of their rule rendered the constitution irrelevant. Thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich.

The cultural heritage of the city of Weimar is vast. Besides giving its name to the Weimar Republic period in German politics, the city was also the focal point of the German Enlightenment and home of the leading characters of the literary genre of Weimar Classicism, the writers Goethe and Schiller. The city was also the birthplace of the Bauhaus movement, founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius, with artists Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Oskar Schlemmer, and Lyonel Feininger teaching in Weimar's Bauhaus School.

In 1937, the Nazis constructed the Buchenwald concentration camp, only eight kilometres from Weimar's city centre. The slogan Jedem das Seine (literally "to each his own", but figuratively "everyone gets what he deserves") was placed over the camp's main entrance gate. Between July 1938 and April 1945, some 240,000 people were incarcerated in the camp by the Nazi regime, including 168 Western Allied POWs. The number of deaths at Buchenwald is estimated at 56,545. The Buchenwald concentration camp provided slave labour for local industry (arms industry of Wilhelm-Gustloff-Werk).

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Weimar in April 1945, and the city surrendered to the US 80th Infantry Division on April 12, 1945. The city ended up in the Soviet zone of occupation, however, so US troops were soon replaced with Russian forces. From 1945 to 1950, the Soviet Union used the occupied Buchenwald concentration camp to imprison defeated Nazis and other Germans. The camp slogan remained Jedem das Seine. On 6 January 1950, the Soviets handed over Buchenwald to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Weimar was part of the German Democratic Republic (DDR, East Germany) from 1949 to 1990. On 2 September 2004, a fire broke out at the Duchess Anna Amalia Library. The library contained a 13,000-volume collection including Goethe's masterpiece Faust, in addition to a music collection of the Duchess. An authentic Lutheran Bible from 1534 was saved from the fire. The damage stretched into the millions of dollars. The number of books in this historic library exceeded 1,000,000, of which 40,000 to 50,000 were destroyed past recovery.

19 May 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

19 May, 1945      0810

Leipzig, Germany

My dearest sweetheart –

It seems to me that all I did yesterday was to dash off a V-mail to you and let it go at that – for which I ought to be spanked. Actually – I didn’t get back here until quite late and I was a bit tired from pounding around in the jeep all day. They do have some swell roads over here, though, particularly the Reichsautobahn – which are super-highways in every sense of the word. They connect all Germany and never run through cities or towns. Also – there are no billboards, roadside stands or gas stations.

Well – anyway – it wasn’t until about 2000 that I was free and then someone suggested a swim. Of course – I was talked into it – and there you are, dear. The fact is – I’m trying to get into shape – and swimming is as good a way as any to get the muscles working and the wind developed. The funny thing is that every one is ‘soft’ – despite the fact that we’ve just come thru a war. Back in Normandy – we all dug trenches – but as we got into Germany and took over houses, we got lazy – and careless.

Mail has been rather punk – for no reason that I’m able to figure out. But I did get one – no three – swell letters from you this week – and they carried me over very well. I did get a bit disgruntled when I read about Dr. Diamond. It just makes you – and I’m not the only one over here who feels this way – a bit envious when you hear of this fellow or that back at home doing a pile of work, research etc – while you’re over here wasting time and slowly but surely becoming an also-ran. But I have said that what I wanted more than anything else was to last the war out without getting hit by something – and the Lord saw to that – so I’m going to be thankful for that and not complain about anything else. You may or may not know it, dear, the MC’s took quite a beating.

The other part of your letter – the one in which you mentioned Lou Diamond – was really in the groove – sweetheart – and the sort of stuff I really eat up – I mean the future and Salem and people visiting us and the Caplans telling you that you really beam when you discuss us. That’s what I like to read, darling, because it does something to me inside, too. And when I read a letter like that from you dear, it makes me realize how much I really love you – and I like to sit back then and just dream. You may have trouble with me, you know, dear – because I’ve become quite a dreamer. I’m likely to get a call some evening – sit back and dream I’ve made it – and not even leave the house. Oh yes – you’ll really have to watch me. Besides all that, darling, I’m very good at quick passes.

No news yet of any import as to the future. We’ll go back to the States – there’s no doubt about that. The unit may or may not be broken up. From there on – no one knows – but I’m betting I’ll get a good crack at the States – and if fate is kind – maybe I’ll stay.

Well – darling – that’s all for now. Some more work – and fraternization or no – our big problem now is V.D.

Love to the folks, sweetheart, and

All my everlasting love,

Greg

18 May 1945

V-MAIL

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

18 May, 1945      0820

Leipzig, Germany

Dearest sweetheart –

Now we can say where we are – and it’s the old story of the Army taking a little time to make up its mind. I’m in a hurry this morning, darling, although irrelevant or not – this is as good a place as any to tell you I love you and only you. Oh yes. I’m in a hurry to get started for Halle – and a place just north of it – Kothen – to do some more physicals. If I grab that bunch today – I’ll have only a handful more to do. It’s quite a job – doing a battalion.

I got a swell letter yesterday of the 6th of May – and the events of the next two days were still not evident to you when you wrote the letter. Here – we had an inkling. But inkling or no – I love you very very hard – and as I see it from here – that’s the important thing – particularly since I suspect you love me too. Time to go, dear. Love to the folks – and all my deepest andsincerest love is yours –

Greg

17 May 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

17 May, 1945      0830

Germany

My dearest sweetheart –

This month, too, is slipping right along and soon we’ll have June. We’re still handling ex-prisoners of war, Allied, and still wondering what the next step will be and where. No doubt – some troops are already being processed and must be getting ready for the ride home. We happen to be a long long way from the ports – although I don’t believe that will make much difference. When they’re ready for us – off we’ll go.

I stayed close to battalion all day yesterday, dear, although I haven’t quite finished those physicals. I have one battery left to do – but they’re spread out so far – it’s almost a hopeless task rounding them up. I’ll wait a while longer. I think they’ll be coming in soon.

It warmed up nicely in the afternoon and we spent it swimming. Directly across the street from the factory we occupy – is a small park with a man-made swimming pool – about 40 yards by 20. It was built by the factory for its employees. We had it drained, cleaned, refilled and chlorinated and it’s wonderful. We have large rubber rafts in it (airplane gasoline tanks which were manufactured in a nearby plant) and the boys are having a swell time having Indian-style canoe fights. All in all – if we have to stick around awhile – it might as well be in this spot as any other.

I was re-reading a few of your letters from March, darling, and I came across one telling me about the Freeman boy. You made a very thoughtful suggestion and I’m sorry I overlooked it until now – about sending him something. I’d like very much for you to – if you would, dear. As far as I know he’s still at the Valley Forge Gen. Hosp. Phoenixville, Pa – and he’s Sgt. Myer Freeman – or T4 M. Freeman. Don’t send him a book because the hospital libraries are chock full of the best in reading material. And while I think of it – it’s getting closer to Father’s Day. Will you start thinking about it dear and let’s get something for Dad A and B in both our names and will you let me know what all of it costs – and this time – I don’t want any of this 50-50 stuff. I agreed to that once before because you suggested it, dear – but I’d much rather that you just tell me how much you laid out and I’ll send you a check. And get them both something nice, huh?

I’ve been waiting for mail from you eagerly. Any day now I should get a letter showing your reaction to VE day and I’m anxious to read what you had to say.

I’ve got to run along and see the Colonel. He hasn’t been feeling well and I put him to bed – over-fatigue. So I’ll close now, sweetheart. If in the past week I haven’t made clear to you how much I love you and how much freer I feel in telling you that – now that one big phase of the war is over – it hasn’t been because I haven’t tried, sweetheart. But I do love you and so strongly, I’m sure you must feel it too.

Love to the folks, darling, and remember that I love you more than anything or anyone and that I want to be

Always yours alone

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about Christ with the Adulteress

From the web site of Lund University in Sweden came this extract from an article with the title "Creating and Exposing Forgeries Using Chemistry".

When the allied troops finally found Göring’s art collection in an Austrian salt mine on 17 May 1945, they found a minor sensation. Among the 6,750 works of art was a hitherto unknown work by the master of the Dutch Golden Age, Johannes Vermeer. Vermeer never received recognition during his lifetime, 1632–1675, butduring the latter part of the 19th century, his works were rediscovered and sold for sky-high prices.

Vermeer’s style is characterized by different light effects as well as frequent use of the sky blue colour ultramarine. Ultramarine means “beyond the seas” and the raw material for the pigment, the mineral lazurite or lapis lazuli, is a blue semi-precious stone which in the 17th century was mainly mined in Afghanistan. In 1822, the German chemist Gmelin discovered a method for producing synthetic ultramarine and soon even poor artists could paint in bright shades of blue. In Vermeer’s day, however, ultramarine was very expensive and his generous use of the color became a signature that is found in paintings including “Girl with a Pearl Earring”, the subject of Tracy Chevalier’s novel of the same name.

So, in 1945 a new, unknown Vermeer had been found. The allied forces managed to trace the person who had sold the work to Göring, a banker called Alois Miedl. The tracks led from there to the immensely rich Dutch artist and art dealer Hans van Meegeren. On 29 May 1945, van Meegeren was accused of having plundered and sold Dutch cultural property to the enemy – a charge that could lead to the death penalty. The Vermeer painting had been sold for the tidy sum of 1,650,000 guilders, an astounding amount, today equivalent to somewhere between SEK 50 and 100 million.

After three days in jail, van Meegeren called the investigators and explained that it was not a question of treason. The painting was a forgery and he had painted it himself. In addition, van Meegeren admitted that he had painted and sold a further five Vermeers, all of which had been affirmed as authentic by a number of experts. The experts protested and refused to accept that van Meegeren had fooled them; to prove his innocence – or rather his guilt – van Meegeren offered to show them how he had done it by painting another fake Vermeer – this time in front of the investigators. It must have been a fascinating demonstration. In order to forge a painting, considerable chemical knowledge is required, and to expose it, even more sophisticated methods are needed.

van Meergeren at trial

“It was a Vermeer canvas, Viktor observed, or rather a skillful Vermeer forgery. According to the marshal of the realm, who talked unceasingly, it was entitled ‘Christ and the Adulteress’. He explained that he had bought it from a Dutch art dealer.” - Extract from Kunzelmann & Kunzelmann, Carl-Johan Vallgren, 2009.

van Meegeren was, however, a master of forgery. He began by purchasing a canvas from the same period, in this case the 17th century, and carefully removed the old painting. It is after this that the chemistry comes in.

Chemical methods make it quite simple to expose when a forger has used a modern pigment. For example, Vermeer only had access to white lead, whereas titanium white and zinc white were not discovered until the 19th century. van Meegeren, however, was extremely thorough and only used those pigments to which Vermeer would have had access – as well as ultramarine, these included white lead, indigo and the red mercury mineral cinnabar. In order to avoid being exposed, he even used paintbrushes made of badger hairs, as Vermeer did. Now only the really difficult part was left – getting the painting to age. When oil paint dries, a large number of chemical processes occur. Unlike watercolors, the components of oils do not evaporate when the paint dries; on the contrary, the oil used in oil paint contains many double compounds that slowly react with the oxygen in the air and initially the oil film becomes heavier as oxygen is bonded in. Oxidation also polymerizes the chains of fat and once the process is complete, the canvas has been transformed into one complete cross-linked mass.

An old method used to expose a forgery was to rub the painting with alcohol. In a 17th century painting, all the chains of fat were cross-linked, while color came off newer works. In order to achieve the right surface on the forgeries, van Meegeren had invented a method where he treated the surface with resol, a phenol formaldehyde resin, and then baked the painting in an oven at 120°C to cross-link the polymers.

When a painting ages, a thin network of cracks develops, known as craquelure, and to imitate this he bent and pried the painting over a steel groove until a fine web of cracks had formed. Finally, in order to recreate a proper 300 year layer of grime, he brushed the surface with India ink, which is a mixture of soot and water, and then carefully washed off the excess.

The result was perfect! The public rejoiced that a Dutchman had succeeded in fooling Göring and in October 1947 van Meegeren was voted the second most popular person in Holland. A few months later, however, he died following a series of heart attacks and the story could have ended there. The six forged works had been studied by a Belgian chemist, Dr Paul Coremans, who confirmed that they were all most likely forgeries. A few years later, however, the owner of some of the fake paintings, Daniel George van Beuningen, sued Coremans, demanding £500,000 in compensation for the fall in value of the paintings. It was not until a decade later that another chemist, Dr Bernard Keisch, was finally able to solve the problem.

Natural lead ore contains small quantities of radium-226, which has a half-life of 1,600 years and decomposes to chemicals including lead-210, which has a half-life of 22 years. Both Vermeer and van Meegeren used the pigment white lead, lead (II) hydroxide carbonate. When the pigment is produced, most of the radium is cleaned away, while both lead-210 and the stable lead-206 remain. There is therefore significantly more lead-210 than radium-226 in the pigment white lead to start with. If 99 % of the radium has been cleaned away, it takes around 150 years for the balance between radium-226 and lead-210 to become even again. In the case of the Vermeer forgeries, the levels of lead-210 were far higher than radium-226, which proved that the paintings were modern.

Today a range of chemical methods are used to expose forgeries and chemistry has made it extremely difficult to get away with art forgery. van Meegeren’s forged paintings continue to fascinate, however, and ironically they have become so valuable that forgeries appear every year!

16 May 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

16 May, 1945      0825

Germany

Dearest darling Wilma –

It was late afternoon – 18 months ago today – that we boarded our ship and got ready for sailing – the next day. We had taken a train from Camp Shanks, and then the ferry. When we got to the piers – we saw no evidence of a convoy, but the Aquitania was being loaded. Despite all the secrecy supposedly connected with the transport of troops, there was actually a band there – playing music as we marched the 200 yards or so from the ferry – to the loading spot. The Red Cross was there with coffee and donuts – but few of us could take the time or trouble for that – we were loaded down so with horseshoe pack, aid kits – in case of the medics, gas masks etc. For most of us – it was a question of getting on that damn boat and unloading some of our stuff. And although we joked a bit, etc. – we weren’t a happy lot. We knew we’d sail the next day – unescorted – and make a dash across. Not only that – but we knew we were going away for a long time. I know I wrote you a sort of serial letter during the trip, dear. I wonder how I sounded in that letter. I know how I felt.

And now – well that’s all gone by and I’m looking forward to that homeward trip as I’ve looked forward to nothing before this. I just can’t wait to get going – and yet – the more we stay here – the more the war in Japan develops and that’s O.K. with me. I took part in the initial stages of one major assault landing – and that’s enough for me.

Say that was a coincidence – meeting that volunteer whose brother-in-law is Joe Auerbach. Gosh – I hadn’t thought about him in 5 or 6 years. He was a helluva nice kid and went to the Law School after getting his A.B. That’s when I lost track of him. I ran into him a couple of times – but not when he was married. And Leonard Kane (né Cohen) was at School with us. We did sell mags together one summer in Conn. and had one swell time. He didn’t go to Graduate school – but into business – and I lost track of him for several years – until one day when I was a student and having a couple of months of medicine at the B.I. – I ran into him – as a patient. He had developed diabetes and associated thyrotoxicosis (toxic goiter) and was pretty sick. But he snapped out of it. I haven’t seen him since. I didn’t know any of the others you mentioned. It’s funny how you lose contact with old friends. In my case – it was due to med. school. And you lose your medical school friends when you go away to intern. Sometime after the war – I’ll have to pick up some loose threads.

And by the way, sweetheart, a thousand apologies for not remembering to ask you about your smoking. Do you mean to say you haven’t smoked since February? It’s hard to believe – hard to believe. But I think it’s an excellent idea – and honestly they say – or as the French put it – on dit – that you have healthier babies if you don’t smoke. Now I really don’t know much about such things, sweetheart, but I’m sure willing to help you give it a try; meaning by that, darling – that I love you deeply and that I find myself more and more thinking of you only in the most intimate of ways. Hang on – dear – hang on!

Well – I hate to stop right there – but what else is there to do. See you later, sweetheart, take care of yourself, love to the folks – and

All my deepest love to you

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about the Battle for Sugar Loaf Hill


Battle of Sugar Loaf Hill, 16-17 May 1945

From Today's History Lesson came this description of the battle for Sugar Loaf Hill on the island of Okinawa, Japan. The report, written by Joel Mundt is titled "Sugar Loaf Hill: Mighty Sweet Name, Mighty Bitter Taste".

Sugar Loaf Hill. A casual glance at the name might take your mind to one of those special squares on a Candy-Land board. You know, those special cards you draw where you move forward or backward a bunch of spaces – the Molasses Swamp or the Dew-Drop Inn or whatever - that add a little excitement to the game. It sounds sweet and happy, like a vacation destination for Strawberry Shortcake or a place where My Little Pony can prance and play. Sugar Loaf Hill exudes all that is cotton-candy nice and right with the world.

That’s what you might think. The real-life Sugar Loaf Hill is none of those things.

As the Battle of Okinawa (the final battle fought by the U.S. in World War II) worked through its second month, the Sixth Marine Division was tasked with moving down the west side of the island to sever Japanese lines and then move eastward behind the heights of Shuri. On top stood the bombed-out, shelled-out ruins of Shuri Castle, the visible part of elaborate network of tunnels and pillboxes that comprised General Mitsuru Ushijima’s main defensive fortifications on the island.

In front of the Sixth Marines stood three small hills, though “hill” is kind of a strong word as none of them was much more than 50 feet high. “But“, as Bill Sloan writes in The Ultimate Battle, “the identities bestowed on them by the Sixth Division Marines who repeatedly tried, failed, and tried again to take them would become synonyms for the most horrific struggle in the division’s history…Among those who survived the three hills, they are inevitably remembered at Horseshoe, Half Moon, and Sugar Loaf.”

For twelve (mostly rainy) days, the Marines fought the Japanese over this seemingly insignificant hillock, no more than three football fields in size. On eleven different occasions, the hill was assaulted. Men sprang into action, clamoring up the hill, only to be shelled and shot at with such accuracy and ferocity that they were forced to retreat. It became apparent that all three of these small hills would have to be taken together due to the covering fire each hill provided the others.

16 May 1945 proved to be an especially trying day, as four times the Sixth Marines reached the summit…and four times were driven back. Bob Sherer, a First Lieutenant, spoke to everyone’s struggle.

The frustrating thing about those hills was that they just looked like barren little humps covered with tree stumps left by Navy gunfire. There was no outward indication of all the caves and tunnels inside.

The morning of May 18, 1945 provided the breakthrough. The First Marines were able to take Wana Ridge, which housed Japanese 75mm guns used to shell Sugar Loaf. This allowed tanks to be brought in, encircle the hill, and provide suppression along with artillery while Marines worked to dynamite and seal the caves. General Ushijima’s efforts to reinforce Sugar Loaf failed under intense American artillery, and the Sixth Marines stood atop Sugar Loaf Hill… never to relinquish it.

Sugar Loaf Hill, 18 May 1945

But the cost had been tremendous. Over nearly two weeks, regiments had been reduced to company strength, and companies to platoons. Many platoons were wiped out to a man. More than 1,600 Marines died in the fight for this 50-foot-high strongpoint, with another 7,400 wounded.

The fight for Sugar Loaf Hill would come to epitomize the brutal battle of attrition that was the experience not only in the fight for Okinawa, but in many far-flung island battles of the Pacific campaign.

15 May 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

15 May, 1945      0800

Germany

My dearest, only sweetheart –

I don’t know how to go about telling you how much I love you. You’ll just have to lean back, close your eyes – and imagine how much you’d like to be loved. And when you get that picture in your mind, just add 115% more – and you might get a rough idea. The fact is, sweetheart, I love you more than I’ve ever been able to tell you before and you’re going to be in for some very concentrated loving – once I catch up with you.

Things are looking pretty good these days – but it really is difficult to sift anything concrete out of the hundreds of rumors. It seems as if they’ll allow more time at home than we expected at first. On the basis of points alone – I don’t have very much – compared with the married officers – although points – for officers – is not all important. I have 34 for months in service, 18 for mos. overseas, and 15 for 3 battle stars – or 67 in all. But I don’t know how that compares with some of the other MC’s around here. Somewhere in the 80’s is the critical level for discharge – but hell – I don’t expect to be discharged; all I want is a job in the States. And that reminds me – I got two super-sweet letters from you yesterday – 3 and 4 May and in one of them you were particularly cute in your mention of a strong connection and pulling of strings. I don’t want to go into it more than that – because it’s not good stuff to write about – but I laughed at your almost unwillingness to mention it because I might take it wrong. I know you were remembering how I blew my top several mos. ago. Well – sweetheart – at that time I wanted to see this through – and I have. Now I’d like to go back to the States and marry you. I don’t expect to get out of the Army yet – but I would very much like to stay in the U.S. Wherever I might be stationed – camp or hospital – anywhere – you could be with me – and we’d be happy. Now I guess I’ve made myself clear, dear. As soon as I get home – we can talk more about it. I feel I’ve been with this outfit long enough and done my share of aid work. I happened to be at the Corps Surgeon’s office yesterday and talked with a friend of mine. As he put it – the trouble is – I’ve always gotten along with my C.O. The fellows who seem to get the breaks are the ones who get in trouble and get transferred out. Well – we’ll see, dear. I haven’t got the longest record – by any means – but I’ve had enough months in the Army, overseas and in combat to have some fairly decent talking points.

I enjoyed your reactions to that package with the medical stuff in it. Both cases were good when I sent them out – but it doesn’t matter, dear. I wanted them for souvenirs. The white sphygmomanometer is pretty and I’ll use that on my office desk – I think. And you can tell Mom B. that they were used by Germans – and that’s why I enjoyed taking them.

There’s still some packages out – although I’m darned if I know what. And by the way, dear – in the last several weeks – I’ve sent a whole mess of snapshots. You haven’t mentioned receiving any – although you may be getting some by now. I’ll be interested in hearing.

And now, sweetheart, I’ve some work to do – so excuse me, huh? Love to the folks – and remember that you have and will always have

All my deepest love –

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about How U-235 Came to New Hampshire on U-234


German U-Boat U-234 surrendering on 14 May 1945 at sea

From the web site of the Wright Museum of WWII History in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, came this:

As the German U-boat entered Portsmouth Harbor with a cargo of a half ton of Nazi-produced uranium [U-235], it eventually became clear that the world would never be the same again. In the short term, this development probably hastened the end of WWII. In time, the capture of U-234 would help propel the U.S. into the space age.

On 15 May 1945, when the U-Boat officially surrendered, V-E Day was only a week old. With Germany knocked out of the greatest global conflict in world history, Japan remained a viable and dangerous foe. Kamikazes continued to rain their suicidal fury upon American warships, and resistance seemed to stiffen as U.S. forces closed in on the Japanese mainland.

Just prior to the Nazi’s unconditional surrender to Allied forces, a German U-Boat departed for Japan with the mission of delivering valuable military secrets to its Axis ally to help prolong the Pacific war. Aboard the 295-foot-long Unterseeboot were German scientists who were among the world’s leaders in nuclear and rocket power technologies. The submarine’s cargo included two disassembled Me-262 jet fighters and 560 kilograms of uranium—an amount even greater than that created by the Manhattan Project and enough to make eight crude atomic bombs.

With the end of hostilities in the European Theater, the Allies sent radio transmissions to all German submarines, instructing them to turn themselves in. U-234 was captured by the USS Sutton, which was trolling the North Atlantic on antisubmarine warfare patrol. Four days later, the U-boat was turned over to the Coast Guard’s cutter, the Argo, which escorted it to Portsmouth where the crew formally surrendered.

While the matter may never be fully resolved, there is considerable debate about the actual intended use of the nuclear material. Many have speculated that it suggests that the German nuclear program was much more advanced than Allied intelligence had previously suspected. Some have speculated that the uranium might have accompanied Japanese Kamikazes on suicide attacks on major U.S. cities. On the other hand, some scholars suggest that the uranium would have been more likely used in the production of an experimental jet fuel, a theory supported by the disassembled aircraft.

Conventional wisdom holds that the captured uranium was sent to Oak Ridge, Tenn., where it was used in the production of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan. Indeed, the classified nature of much of the information surrounding the U-234’s capture makes it difficult to determine the exact fate of the uranium oxide. New research confirms that at least a portion of the nuclear raw material was shipped to Oak Ridge but suggests that it would have arrived too late to be used in the weapons used against Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

While the uranium’s seizure was significant, of greater long-term value were the individuals captured along with the craft. Among them were German civilian scientists who were bound for Japan to help the Axis ally in the development of cutting-edge aviation technologies to be used against their common enemy. These scientists would remain in America and make significant contributions to efforts relating to the development of stealth technologies, jet powered aircraft, and eventually guided missiles.

U-234 was carrying twelve passengers, including a German general, four German naval officers, civilian engineers and scientists, and two Japanese naval officers. On learning that the U-boat was to surrender, the two Japanese passengers committed suicide by taking an overdose of a barbiturate sleeping pill and were buried at sea. News of the U-234's surrender with her high-ranking German passengers made it a major news event. Reporters swarmed over the Navy Yard and went to sea in a small boat for a look at the submarine. The fact that she had a half ton of uranium oxide on board was covered up and remained classified for the duration of the Cold War; a classified US intelligence summary of 19 May merely listed U-234's cargo as including "a/c [aircraft], drawings, arms, medical supplies, instruments, lead, mercury, caffeine, steels, optical glass and brass."

14 May 1945

V-MAIL

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

14 May, 1945      0930

Germany

Dearest sweetheart –

After writing you the city we’re in – I find we’re not allowed to do that – tsk! tsk! – so I’ll have to omit it from my heading. But we’re still here, dear. I’m late today and I’ve got lots to do – thus the V-mail.

The weather stays fine and we’re looking for a place to go swimming – if we have the time. Went for a walk with the dentist yesterday evening – where were you, darling! Gee – it’s nice boy and girl strolling time. Well – soon maybe we’ll be able to do that and I’ll be able to say nice things, sweetheart – among which will be the following: I love you, I want you, I missed you so, Did you miss me? When will you marry me? etc. All for now – dear – Regards – and

All my love

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about Occupation Zones in Germany

An article in TIME magazine (Vol. XLV, No. 20) published on 14 May 1945 begins to address the setting up of occupation zones for the British, French, United States and Soviet governments. The article was titled, "Victory in Europe: Housekeeping in Hell". Here is that article...

A flaming stake had been driven through Germany's heart, and by the laws of sorcery this should quiet the beast. In outward appearance Germany, once the most highly integrated nation of the Old World, was a quartered corpse. Perhaps 50% of Germany's proud cities were wrecked. Moreover, the machine shop of Europe was shut down. The Ruhr had received 150 tons of bombs per square mile. (Battered London averaged only twelve.)

But it was not easy to estimate the degree of Germany's physical destruction. The long arm of Allied bombing and the progress of the Armies had destroyed much of Germany's productive apparatus, notably the railroad system, had left much else spectacularly untouched. Quite possibly both the appearance of Germany's destruction and the appearance of her survival were deceptive. But soon for the health of her democratic neighbors, Germany must be restored to some sort of controlled existence in which her collieries and mills could produce, her crops grow and be distributed. The problem before the Allies seemed, in its complexity, greater even than the problem of striking Germany down.

First Steps. Any day now the victorious powers would set up the Allied Control Commission in Berlin, and Germany would formally come under the rule of foreigners for the first time since 1806. But, planned as it was, this first stage revealed the confusion that lay ahead. Instead of being a cohesive unit, the Control Commission would be a loosely organized coalition, and the administration of Germany's four different zones might each be conducted according to four different ideas. The zones were agreed upon in principle at Yalta, but the precise boundaries had not been revealed, and in one instance (the French zone) there was some doubt as to whether they had been determined.

The Russians supposedly were to have eastern Germany, the British the northwest, the Americans the southwest, and the French an area somewhere between the British and the Americans.

The Housekeepers. The U.S. occupation team for Germany will at the outset be headed by General Eisenhower as chief of the American section (with Field Marshal Harold R. L. G. Alexander as his probable opposite number for Britain); Major General Lucius Clay as his deputy and administrative chief of staff; the State Department's Robert Murphy as political adviser (with sharp-eyed Ivone Kirkpatrick his counterpart for Britain, and purge-trial prosecutor Andrei Vishinsky for the Russians); and Lieutenant General Leonard T. Gerow as commander of the U.S. Fifteenth (occupation) Army. While these top four will probably stay in Berlin, American administrative headquarters will be located within the U.S. zone, probably at Frankfurt.

The American zone may possibly be less of a problem than others. It was formerly almost self-sufficient in food, and the Nazi disease was never as deeply rooted there as in north Germany. Nevertheless, stern measures have been laid out. The latest plan for its control, "revised directive 1067," laid on President Truman's desk only ten days before war's end, followed closely the Morgenthau or "goat pasture" plan. Southern Germany would largely revert to agrarian economy. All industry capable of producing armaments (a broad definition) would be destroyed or transferred, the remainder controlled by the occupation forces. The educational system would be overhauled.

Said FEA's Leo Crowley, who had a part in drafting "revised directive 1067": "We are going to have a tremendous policing job and we will be busy at it for years. I predict that some people will get mighty tired of it, and there will be a campaign to get us out of Germany."

Some indications of preparations for this cleansing of the Augean stables:

Although a formula for trying war criminals had yet to be announced, the U.S. named its chief counsel for the international tribunal that would handle the cases: Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, who opposes judicial proceedings to execute military or political policy, favors trial and punishment by military agencies set up for the express purpose.

Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF announced that it was ready to move into Germany, take over radio stations, presses, publications, cinema studios, recording facilities, and operate them under military control, thus beginning the re-education of Germany. The Germans would be given news from outside, but would have no medium of expression.

Biggest problem of the Reparations Commission, now being organized in Moscow: balancing the demands of each Ally for the products produced in zones controlled by others; e.g., the Russian zone formerly supplied food surpluses which Britain, France and the U.S. may need in their zones to feed the starving people of other countries. In almost every undertaking there would be conflict of purpose. The Americans from the start had opposed censorship of foreign correspondents operating in postwar Germany. The British had reservations but finally agreed to the American policy. What the Russians will do remained a secret; at week's end they still had not allowed Allied newsmen in Berlin. This was a minor conflict, but more important issues would follow. How well the Allies would work together in postwar Germany was one of the big questions of the peace.