06 April 1945

No letter today. Just this:

* TIDBIT *

about The Divine Wind:
Japanese Kamikazes

From the Japan Powered website comes this information:

Once in 1274 and again in 1275, Kublai Khan, a Mongol emperor, massed a large fleet for the invasion of Japan. The Japanese nation had little to defend itself with, and a Mongol conquest seemed certain. As the fleet massed outside Tokyo Bay gathered to attack, a typhoon came up and either sank all the ships or blew them back to China. They called the second storm, which the Japanese believed was sent by the gods to save their nation, the "Divine Wind." In Japanese, the name is "Kamikaze."

By August of 1944, the air arm of the Imperial Japanese Navy had very few bases and aircraft carriers, and even fewer planes with which to carry out offensive operations against the American fleet. Certain admirals in the Japanese navy began exploring the use of rather extraordinary "special tactics" they felt would best utilize the dwindling number of aircraft and pilots at their disposal. Vice Admiral Takajiro Ohnishi, Japan's foremost expert on naval aviation and at one time Admiral Isoroko Yamamotoþs close advisor on the subject, formulated a plan wherein Japanese pilots would use planes as manned missiles, the advantage being that the pilots of the suicide planes would be easy to train. They’d only need to learn how to take off, not land. The Vice Admiral believed these suicide bombers would terrify the Allies and boost morale among the Japanese populace. The formal name of the unit that had this mission was the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps.

Oddly enough, the Japanese were not the originators of the term kamikaze as suicide pilots. The pilots were dubbed Shinpu. It was American translators who saw the characters forming the word as being an allusion to the nation-saving storms of the past. This slip in interpretation eventually got back to the Japanese, who adopted it as their own.

The kamikazes were unique in military history. Death in war is inevitable, but Japanese naval doctrine prior to 1944 forbid carrying out a mission unless there was some chance of survival. Adhering to the code of bushido (code of the warrior), all Japanese military men were prepared to die for the Emperor. This stemmed from the Japanese ideal of "The Path of Eternal Duty," the belief that family and individual welfare were not important when compared to the long history of the Empire. Japanese literature is replete with examples of warriors who died a glorious death on behalf of the Emperor.

The kamikazes, however, were the first unit to actually seek death in battle. This concept was repugnant in the West, and there were those on the Japanese Imperial General Staff who objected to this strategy. They felt this step was needless, a waste of men, and an acknowledgement that Japan had lost the war. In spite of this opposition, Ohnishi lobbied strongly for his plan, and it was finally, if reluctantly, accepted.

From PBS's website called American Experience comes this:

On 6 April 1945, the first wave of ten coordinated attacks began to hit the U.S. Navy's Fifth Fleet off the coast of Okinawa. Ships in the Fifth Fleet had experienced suicide attacks before -- but never on such a scale. The terrifying sight of Japanese pilots diving their planes into ships would become common over the next two and a half months. Aircraft carriers and battleships were supposed to be the main targets, but the ships that suffered the most damage were the destroyers and smaller vessels assigned to protect the fleet from incoming attacks.

Pilots Willing to Die
One such destroyer was the U.S.S. Newcomb. The Newcomb had seen combat before, at the Mariana Islands, Peleliu, Palau and in the Philippines. But it was at Okinawa that she would fight her fiercest battle. On board the destroyer was 21-year-old John Chapman, a First Class Boatswains Mate, and gun captain of a five-inch gun. Facing enemy pilots willing to give their lives to sink his ship struck him as almost incomprehensible.

"It didn't make you feel good. I don't know whether that's 'terrified' or not, but it didn't make you feel too well because of it, knowing that people would do a thing like that. You know, people we had always known weren't like that. They were brave people and so forth, and they fight, but weren't someone to just deliberately take their lives to take yours."

Watching Kamikazes Attack
More than 300 kamikazes departed Southern Kyushu on April 6. Their target was the U.S. Fifth Fleet stationed in support of the battle being waged on Okinawa. As the Japanese pilots approached, they broke off into smaller attack groups. John Chapman was at his gun post at the stern of the U.S.S. Newcomb.

"There was probably 45 planes in the air. Well, it was a scary situation, because you knew that they were going to dive on you. You could be firing on the aircraft, and they'd come right on, just keep coming right on through that. And you'd see pieces flying over the planes and everything else, and they'd just keep right on a-coming."

A Roaring Inferno
The Newcomb shot down four enemy planes. Five others hit the ship. Those on board who were not killed or injured fought desperately not only to put out the raging fires and repair damaged engines, but also to keep firing at an enemy dead set on sinking them. The scene aboard the Newcomb was repeated on many vessels of the fleet that day.

"It was hot. The fires were just raging totally out of control. Between the bridge and the afterdeck house, that's a big percent of the ship. It was nothing but a roaring inferno. The flames were shooting. They said [it] was high as 1,000 feet in the air off the Newcomb."

Overboard
Firefighters battling the raging fires forced John Chapman and an injured friend to jump overboard. There was no space left for them on the stern to remain. Chapman handed his life belt to the injured friend and, once in the water, towed him to the safety of a lifeboat. They were later rescued along with many others in the waters off Okinawa.

Aftermath
Ninety-one sailors were killed or wounded on the U.S.S. Newcomb. Many of those who were injured suffered devastating burns. But despite suffering at the hands of the five kamikazes, the crew of the Newcomb kept their vessel afloat and earned the Navy Unit Commendation and eight battle stars for World War II service. John Chapman would earn a bronze star for his service; years later, his view of his heroism is clear-eyed:

"People try to glorify wars and so forth. There's people that do outstanding things, but there's nothing really glorious about a war. You do wars to protect your country if you have to, and that's the only time you should ever do it."

From the Smithsonian Channel comes this video
about the Kamikaze action at Okinawa:

05 April 1945

No letter today. Just this:

* TIDBIT *

about "Roosevelt and the Saudi Arabian King"

The following is an article published in November of 2010 on the historical documents blog of CrethiPlethi, "a non-profit, non-partisan online news magazine on Middle Eastern affairs produced by the Middle East Affairs Information Center based in the Netherlands, run and produced on a voluntary basis by an editorial team and expanding pool of contributors committed to discussing the Middle East, Israel, the Arab World, Southwest Asia and the (Islamic) Maghreb. The site currently publishes posts both in English and in Dutch."

Before and during World War II, the United States had an interest in friendship with Arab countries because of the US need for oil. During World War II, they also wanted assurance from Saudi Arabia concerning supplies of oil needed for the war in Europe and the Pacific. President Roosevelt also had to deal with the strong support for the Zionist movement in America.

In February 1945, following the Yalta Conference with Stalin and Churchill, President Roosevelt and King Ibn Saud met aboard the U.S.S. Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake of the Suez Canal. During the meeting, instigated by President Roosevelt, he tried to persuade Saud to give support for Jewish immigration to Palestine and hoped that Ibn Saud might be able to offer constructive advice on the Palestine issue. There, Roosevelt and Saud concluded a secret agreement in which the U.S. would provide Saudi Arabia military security — military assistance, training and a military base at Dhahran in Saudi Arabia — in exchange for secure access to supplies of oil.

King Ibn Saud and President Franklin D. Roosevelt
15 February 1945

Regarding Jews, Saud expressed sympathy for their plight, but he argued that a homeland for Jews in Palestine would be unfair to Palestinian Arabs. On the issue of Palestine, Ibn Saud was uncompromising.

President Roosevelt, constrained by the uncompromising attitude of Ibn Saud and impressed by the simple clarity with which Ibn Saud presented the Arab case, gave two undertakings to Ibn Saud; first that he would do nothing to assist the Jews against the Arabs in Palestine and, secondly, that he would never do anything to harm the Arab people. He promised that the United States Government would not make any changes to its policy on Palestine without prior consultation with both the Arabs and the Jews.

These verbal assurances were confirmed in a letter, dated 5 April 1945, in which Roosevelt made it clear that he was committing himself, not as an individual, but as “Chief of the Executive Branch” of the United States Government. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945 and his policy was subsequently reversed by his successor, Harry Truman who was a strong supporter of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

With strong support from President Truman — and little from the U.S. State Department — the UN’s partition plan [1947] won a majority in the UN General Assembly. Truman had chosen the interests of Jews rather than give precedence to Saudi oil, and King Saud’s second son, Prince Faisal, in New York for the vote, felt betrayed.

Here is the letter President Roosevelt sent to King Ibn Saud:

GREAT AND GOODFRIEND:

I have received the communication which Your Majesty sent me under date of March 10, 1945, in which you refer to the question of Palestine and to the continuing interest of the Arabs in current developments affecting that country.

I am gratified that Your Majesty took this occasion to bring your views on this question to my attention and I have given the most careful attention to the statements which you make in your letter. I am also mindful of the memorable conversation which we had not so long ago and in the course of which I had an opportunity to obtain so vivid an impression of Your Majesty’s sentiments on this question.

Your Majesty will recall that on previous occasions I communicated to you the attitude of the American Government toward Palestine and made clear our desire that no decision be taken with respect to the basic situation in that country without full consultation with both Arabs and Jews. Your Majesty will also doubtless recall that during our recent conversation I assured you that I would take no action, in my capacity as Chief of the Executive Branch of this Government, which might prove hostile to the Arab people.

It gives me pleasure to renew to Your Majesty the assurances which you have previously received regarding the attitude of my Government and my own, as Chief Executive, with regard to the question of Palestine and to inform you that the policy of this Government in this respect is unchanged.

I desire also at this time to send you my best wishes for Your Majesty’s continued good health and for the welfare of your people.

Your Good Friend,
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

His Majesty
ABDUL AZIZ IBN ABDUR RAHMAN AL FAISAL AL SAUD
King of Saudi Arabia
Riyadh

After the Roosevelt-Ibn Saud meeting on a cruiser in the Suez Canal, Ibn Saud met with the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, February 17th, 1945, in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of Cairo. Winston Churchill attempted to link the assistance Britain had given to Ibn Saud over the years to the Palestine issue.

King Ibn Saud and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, 17 February 1945

He suggested that Ibn Saud should use his authority and influence to persuade the Arab world to accommodate Zionist aspirations. Churchill made no promises that Britain would temper its support for the Zionists with sensitivity to Arab rights. Ibn Saud found Churchill’s views entirely unacceptable.

With the end of war in Europe in May 1945, Churchill’s government was replaced by a Labour government led by Clement Attlee. The new foreign minister, Ernest Bevin, maintained a strict blockade against “illegal” entry of Jewish refugees from Europe.

04 April 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

4 April, 1945      0850

Germany

Dearest sweetheart –

Well – I feel all pepped up this morning – even so early – and this time it’s from an unusual cause, dear. Last night we got a quota for 1 officer to go to England on 7 Day’s Leave and 3 officers to go to Paris on a 3 day pass. The first name out of the English hat was mine. I didn’t know what to do at first, but I ended up by declining. There are several reasons, too, one of them being the long distance to the coast from here; another is that I’ve seen London – and a good part of England up, down and sideways; and finally, from what we’ve heard – you have to waste a good deal of time at the channel ports until you actually get across – both coming and going.

All in all – it’s about a 3 week affair and I don’t want to be away for that length of time. Well – another officer was chosen. Then came the Paris drawings (sounds like a lottery, doesn’t it?) and sure enough – I was the first out of the hat – and hell – I accepted. I’ve never before been so lucky in winning drawings – and don’t forget – a couple of months ago – I was picked to go to Brussels and turned that down. Anyway, dear, Paris is a 3 day affair – not counting traveling time. It’s a long way back, at that, and all in all – I’ll be away from Battalion about a week. But a pass doesn’t count as time off, while a 7 day’s leave in England – would. There’ll be 3 of us going from Headquarters – which makes it nice, too. We’ll have to get an early night’s sleep tonite and start out very early tomorrow a.m. We drive a certain distance, and somewhere on the other side of the Rhine – we make train connections. My writing will necessarily be spotty, darling, because it will be impossible to write going there and coming back – but I’ll do the best I can – and I know you’ll understand. I’m rather looking forward to getting away from the routine. The last time was about 5 months ago when I went to Verviers. Since then we’ve seen a might lot of action, believe me.

Other than that, dear, there isn’t much news. Yesterday was a quiet day for the most part. I believe I told you about our flag. I went up to see how it was coming out – the Nuns in the village are making it – and they’re doing a swell job. I was amazed to see one Nun working on the stars. She’s embroidering them – or some such thing and we’re going to have a class A flag.

Later in the day I went down to a prisoner of war enclosure that we’re taking care of here. There was a mob of them – and a sad lot, too. They had been out in the rain – and it would have been easy to have felt sorry for them – if you didn’t remember vividly their dirty work in the Belgian bulge. Every American soldier swears when he thinks of it – and when I left the P.W. area – I was sorry only that the weather wasn’t freezing – as it was in Belgium.

I read your letter in which you told me of your visit with Verna and Irv – and staying over. It sounded quite cozy and made me homesick – but in a pleasant way. You told me how you’re always thinking and talking about me – and it really thrills me, sweetheart, to realize that I occupy so much of your thoughts. I’m thrilled particularly – because the reverse is true. I want – as much as you – to be your husband, and I have – in fact – lived the past over in my mind so often and so thoroughly, that often it doesn’t seem as if we were merely engaged. Despite separation, distance et al – I feel tremendously close and accustomed to you in every respect. It’s going to be very easy to step right into the role – darling – wait and see. Above all – we’ve got to hang on in these closing months – and I think they are closing. One of the reasons I didn’t want to go to London is that I was afraid I wouldn’t be around for the kill – and sweetheart – after all this time – it’s worth being around for.

And then dear – perhaps I’ll have that chance to come home and tell you I love you and want you to be mine alone – What a day! Better close now, get some things done, and see what I have to get ready for tomorrow. Until later, then, so long – love to the folks and

All my everlasting love

Greg.

* TIDBIT *

about Prisoner of War Temporary Enclosures

By April of 1945, the Allied Armies had swept across the Rhine, deep into Germany. About 200,000 German prisoners were already taken, and the number increased day by day. The Ruhr pocket brought in an additional 300,000 men, who had to be processed through Allied hands responsible for guarding and processing German POW's in the area around the Rhine river.

The Rhine Meadow Camps (Rheinwiesenlager) was the official name of the Prisoner of War Temporary Enclosures (PWTE). The group of 19 transit camps held about one million German POWs. The camps were founded in April 1945 and remained in existence until September. There was a similar plan for the construction of all the camps. Open farmland close to a village with a railroad line was enclosed with barbed wire and divided into 10 - 20 sub-camps, each housing 5,000 to 10,000 men. Existing field paths were used as streets of the camp and surrounding buildings as the administration, kitchen and hospital. The prisoners of war, forced to surrender their equipment, had to dig holes in the earth by hand.

CLICK TO ENLARGE

Map of Rheinwiesenlager Locations

The "Eaglehorse" (2nd Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment) web site once explained the situation:

U.S. Commanders and leaders at all levels were to insure that prisoners were disarmed, interrogated when possible for locally important information and then sent quickly to the rear. Combat troops handed responsibility off for POWs as soon as possible with battalion and division support troops usually shepherding long German columns to the rear. POW camps were the responsibility of the Military Police within Corps and Army rear areas but by the Spring of 1945, their numbers were stretched thin by the sheer volume they faced and under utilized units with no formal training in prisoner administration increasingly were ordered to the POW task.

In central Germany, the number of POWs reached proportions that began to strain the abilities of U.S. forces to adequately process the vast broken army. The Wehrmacht was dissolving and given the choice between surrendering to the Americans or the Russians, the roads and forests became choked with unarmed soldiers in gray fleeing to the west - southwest to reach American custody, hide in the woods or simply make their way home. In the British sectors of responsibility, surrendering Germans were often directed, led or chased towards the boundary with U.S. forces. The numbers of POWs were astounding.

Aerial View of a Prisoner of War Temporary Enclosure

At the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces, to help guard all the prisoners, additional forces were allocated to include the men from most of the U.S. anti - aircraft battalions deployed in Germany. From 30 March until 5 April 1945 this included the 438th AAA Aw Bn (Mob). Open air camps holding tens of thousands of men became the norm, the prisoners had no shelter beyond the tent halves they may have brought with them. There was no running water or sanitary facilities. Logisticians tried to insure that at a minimum, each POW received one C ration per day.

Camp administrators organized captured German medics and doctors to form local POW hospitals overseen by Allied medical personnel. It was said that sufficient medical measures prevented mass death from disease. Nonetheless, credible estimates for German POW deaths in these camps range from about 3,000 to 10,000, in most part occurring from starvation, dehydration and exposure to the weather elements. Thousands more would have died of exposure were it not for the late Spring of 1945 being relatively mild.

03 April 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

3 April, 1945         0920

Germany

Wilma, darling –

It’s quiet here for now, anyway, and maybe I can get a letter off to you without being interrupted. That would be novel. In yesterday’s V-mail I told you a little about our present set-up. It is extremely comfortable, and I had a very pleasant night’s sleep. We have one room downstairs which is sort of a lounge. Perhaps today sometime we’ll be able to sit around and relax. The people here were “kind” enough to leave behind a few bottles of some rather select stuff – including 1929 Vintage Burgundy, 3 or 4 bottles of Vermouth and a variety to other stuff. I’m always writing you about the liquor and wines we find, dear, and you must think that that is all I think about; but that isn’t so, dear. Some of the fellows do make pigs of themselves because it’s all free. Personally I’ll take some wine with my evening meal and perhaps later in the evening if we’re playing Bridge. As a matter of fact it has been difficult not to drink in the past week or so. One of our Captains had a Birthday on the 28th of March; the Colonel and one Major had Birthdays on the 31st; yesterday was another Captain’s Birthday, – and well – they all drank at my Birthday, dear – and I have to reciprocate.

So you do have a couple of closets full of war “relics” – and “relics” is the word? That reminds me, somewhere around January and February I sent our several packages – and to date – you’ve only mentioned one or two. Did you ever get that dagger I sent out? The other day we came across a Nazi health clinic – pretty well stocked. I found a couple of blood pressure machines and a couple of other things. I’ve sent them out. Will you keep an eye out for that package, dear?

Below are two photos of the dagger

CLICK TO ENLARGE

And about Mollie – of course you didn’t do wrong. I’m glad you told me – and I’m glad you felt that you ought to tell me, dear. The fact is – I wasn’t surprised. I had been told she was sick – cancerous – and that was enough.

In one of your last letters you mention Mother B and the fact that she has been ill again. You said you would mention more about it in your next day’s letter – but that one is still missing. Now, darling, from what I gather – she’s been doing a heluva lot of flowing and one way or another I think it’s high time she did something about it. I wish you’d get after her. Has she been to a consultant yet?

1030

Sorry, darling – I was called away. We’ve been thinking that we don’t see enough American flags around. As a matter of fact – the only place you see one is over the building of Military Government – and they are set-up only in the larger cities. We have a flag – but it is silk and will be ruined if we keep it out. So we had the mayor of town in just now and ordered him to have a flag made just like the silk one we have – and it must be completed by this afternoon. It’s a good sized one, too – but what could he say, but ‘yes’? I had to act as interpreter.

Today – or yesterday rather – completed my 33^rd month of Army service and now more than half of my service is overseas. All that ought to count for something when they start figuring things out. Gosh how I want to get home to you, sweetheart! Sure – this is all adventure over here – but damn it – I’ve had enough of this kind. What I’m interested in right now is a little different type of adventure – with you, dear. Oh Boy! Hold me down! We’ll have it, too, darling; no fear about that. It’s just kind of tough waiting it out. But the worst is by and we have a whole life ahead of us. So sit tight, dear – and I’ll be home to love you hard – some one of these days. All for now, love to the folks – and

All my sincerest love –

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about The Third Escape of Willie Sutton

From the "Famous Cases & Criminals" portion of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) web site comes this biography of Willie Sutton, who made news on 3 April 1945.

Born on June 30, 1901 in Brooklyn, New York, Willie Sutton was the fourth of five children. He attended school through eighth grade, then left home to secure a job. Sutton’s employment included jobs as a clerk, a driller, and a gardener. His longest continuous employment lasted 18 months. Sutton was married in 1929, but his wife divorced him after he was incarcerated. He remarried in 1933. Before his death, Sutton co-authored “I, Willie Sutton” and “Where the Money Was.”

Willie Sutton acquired two nicknames, “The Actor” and “Slick Willie,” for his ingenuity in executing robberies in various disguises. Fond of expensive clothes, Sutton was described as being an immaculate dresser. Although he was a bank robber, Sutton had the reputation of a gentleman; in fact, people present at his robberies stated he was quite polite. One victim said witnessing one of Sutton’s robberies was like being at the movies, except the usher had a gun. When asked why he robbed banks, Sutton simply replied, “Because that’s where the money is.”

On February 15, 1933, Sutton and a confederate attempted to rob the Corn Exchange Bank and Trust Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sutton, disguised as a mailman, entered the bank early in the morning. The curiosity of a passerby caused the robbery attempt to be abandoned. However, on January 15, 1934 Sutton entered the same bank with two companions through a skylight. When the watchman arrived, they forced him to admit the employees as usual. Each employee was handcuffed and crowded into a small room.

Sutton also executed a Broadway jewelry store robbery in broad daylight, impersonating a postal telegraph messenger. Sutton’s other disguises included a policeman, messenger and maintenance man. He usually arrived at the banks or stores slightly before they opened for the day.

Besides being known as an innovative robber, Sutton recommitted in June 1931 on charges assault and robbery. Sentenced to 30 years, he escaped on December 11, 1932, by scaling the prison wall on two 9-foot sections of ladder that were joined together.

Sutton was apprehended on February 5, 1934 and was sentenced to serve 25 to 50 years in Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the machine gun robbery of the Corn Exchange Bank. On April 3, 1945, Sutton was one of 12 convicts who escaped the institution through a tunnel. Sutton was recaptured the same day by Philadelphia police officers; this had been his fifth escape attempt at this prison.

Here is a drawing of the escape route
followed by photos of the tunnel entrance and exit.

[CLICK TO ENLARGE]


   

Sentenced to life imprisonment as a fourth time offender, Sutton was transferred to the Philadelphia County Prison, Homesburg, Pennsylvania. On February 10, 1947, Sutton and other prisoners dressed as prison guards. The men carried two ladders across the prison yard to the wall after dark. When the prison’s searchlights hit him, Sutton yelled, “It’s okay,” and no one stopped him.

On March 20, 1950, Willie “The Actor” Sutton was added to the FBI’s list of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Because of his love for expensive clothes, Sutton’s photograph was given to tailors as well as police departments. A 24-year-old tailor’s son recognized Sutton on the New York subway on February 18, 1952 and followed him to a local gas station where Sutton purchased a battery for his car. The man reported the incident to the police who later arrested Sutton.

Sutton did not resist his arrest by New York City police, but denied any robberies or other crimes since his 1947 escape from Philadelphia County Prison. At the time of his arrest, Sutton owed one life sentence plus 105 years. He was further sentenced to an additional 30 years to life in New York State Prison following a jury trial in Queens County Court.

Seventeen years later, the New York State penal authorities decided that Sutton did not have to serve two life sentences and 105 years. Sutton was ill; he had emphysema and was preparing for a major operation on arteries in his legs. On Christmas Eve 1969, 68-year-old Sutton was released from Attica State Prison. Ironically, in 1970, Sutton did a television commercial to promote the New Britain, Connecticut, Bank and Trust Company’s new photo credit card program.

On November 2, 1980, Willie Sutton died in Spring Hill, Florida, at the age of 79.

02 April 1945

V-MAIL

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

2 April, 1945      1700

Germany

Dearest sweetheart –

Now, Now – I know dear, but I just can’t help it – honestly. On days like this – V-mail has to fill the bill. O.K.?

And this place – just so you won’t think we don’t have variety – is an inn – a typical German inn – with hunting house, shot-guns, trophies etc. Just as cozy and comfortable spot as you could imagine and situated on the top of a high hill – overlooking the city below. I’ve got a nice room – with a bed. I mooched around and found a closet full of sheets etc. so I’m all ready for a good sleep time, dear. Oh – yes – I made the bed myself.

This may be the Hunting Lodge to which Greg referred.
It became a Protestant student residence called "Vilmarhaus".

   
   
   
   

Tomorrow, darling, perhaps I’ll be able to write a regular letter. On top of everything – we lost another hour last nite – double summer time. And now, dear, I’ll say so long. Remember I love you deeply – where-ever I go. Love to the folks.

All my everlasting love,

Greg

Route of the Question Mark


[CLICK TO ENLARGE]

(A) Gisselberg to (B) Marburg, Germany (2.5 miles)
30 March to April 2 1945

April 2... Ober-Marsburg. A village on top of a mountain, and it looked as if it had never heard of the war, yet the dance hall where we lived had been turned into a factory for manufacturing submarine parts. T/4 [Cecil W.] ALEXANDER dynamited a stream, and the Motor section had a fish fry. T/5 [George W.] CHEETY dressed up in a German uniform and posed for photographs.

* TIDBIT *

about The Bombing of Nordhausen

Nordhausen was a sub-camp of the concentration camp Dora-Mittelbau. This camp was created by the SS for prisoners too weak or too ill to work in the tunnels of Dora on the fabrication of the German V1 and V2 rockets. Following the Nazi terminology, Nordhausen was a "Vernichtungslager", an extermination camp for ill prisoners. The extermination methods used by the SS were not the same as the ones used in the great extermination camps: there was no gas chamber but, in Nordhausen, the prisoners died by starvation and total lack of medical care. The conditions of life in Nordhausen were so terrible that the few survivors often said that "If Dora was the hell of Buchenwald, Nordhausen was the hell of Dora"...

The SS used the Boelcke Kaserne, a former barracks in Nordhausen city, as a dumping ground for hopeless prisoner cases. The camp of Nordhausen was a huge complex of installations and hangers made of concrete. There were absolutely no sanitary installations and the inmates had to stay in the hangars nights and days, without any food until they died. Even for a man in healthy condition, this could lead very fast to extreme weakness.For prisoners who were already exhausted and ill, these cruel conditions of life meant quick although miserable death.

Because the camp was installed in concrete buildings and hangars, the US Air Force thought that it was a munitions depot of the German Army. On the night of 2 April 1945 the Allies sent 247 Lancasters and 8 Mosquitos of Nos 1 and 8 Groups to attack what were actually barracks, not munitions storage, in two nighttime fire raids. 1,500 sick prisoners were killed when they were forced by the SS to stay in the hangars which were set ablaze by the bombs. 2 Lancasters were lost. As part of the raid, three-quarters of the town of Nordhausen was destroyed and approximately 8,800 people died.

01 April 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

1 April, 1945  &nbso;   0940

Germany

My dearest fiancée –

Happy Easter! And I hope you have a nice day. The weather here is chilly – but it’s an excellent day for me – and I’ll tell you why. I got a swell batch of mail last night at midnight, and because of poor black-out conditions, I couldn’t read my letters until this morning; I’ve just finished and I’m in excellent spirits. To be exact, I got 2 V-mails, 16 and 20 March; and 6 airmails – ranging from 16 to 23 March. How’s that! In addition, I had a letter from Lawrence, one from Carolyn Gardner (I’ll let you read it after I’ve answered it), one from Dave Becker in Salem (he runs Kay Jewelry there) and one from Barbara Tucker. That’s a pretty good haul, but then – we hadn’t received mail in several days due to conditions.

I don’t remember exactly what I wrote you yesterday, darling, but I hope I told you how much I love you. I’ll repeat that today – but remember that love is one day fuller, one day richer – and one day nearer to being satisfied. When I write I don’t recall yesterday’s letter, darling, I’m serious. These are confusing, exacting days – and things are happening – and I’m seeing them happen – that I’ll remember as long as I live. I know history is being written on every piece of territory I’m traveling over – and there’s a certain satisfaction in being here to see it. Our mission, incidentally, is for the time being – changed. It seems like a good job – but we don’t know of course – how long it will last. At present we’re in the outskirts of a pretty fair-sized town. This city goes back to the middle ages, has a medical and law school here – but I had never heard of it, myself. The people still don’t seem to know what the score is and we’re still finding dead families in different parts of the city – cases of mass suicide – by people who believed the Nazi propaganda that the Americans would torture, rape etc. Concerning the latter – there’s a lot to be said that I can’t say in a letter, by the way.

Same day       1600

Well, sweetheart, I was taken away and I’ve just returned, a little tired and plenty dirty. It was an interesting day but I’m sorry, I can’t write about it.

In one of your V-mails you wrote you were able to save only about $25.00 per week. Hell – I think that’s excellent, dear. I had no idea you could save that much. I’m saving just about all the $200 I’m drawing each month. I get $100, and the other goes to the bank. Of the $100 I got last month, I still have $100, and I got another $100 today. I’ll send it all home. The only use I’d have for it would be for a 3 day pass to Paris – which I might get one of these days. But I could borrow the money and write a check for the amount.

I was interested in your story about Lennie Bernstein and the OWI. I wonder if he’s really coming over. And Irv must really be taking it pretty bad if what you imply is true. If so – I hope he can go along. It would make him feel as if he’s doing something.

And now before I close – let me thank you dear for your snapshot which I loved. It’s swell. I’ll have to get hold of a folder that holds several photos – I don’t know which one to leave out. I showed your picture to all the boys and they want to know when you’re coming over here to serve donuts, coffee and build up the morale. I told them all I wouldn’t dare let all these G-I’s get near you. But your uniform looks swell on you. Wrinkles or no – and I’m tickled with the snap. And send more over!! D’ya hear?

Have to go now; I’m going to try and get myself bathed. Who knows? Maybe. Will write tomorrow darling; for now – so long and all my deepest and sincerest love is yours.

Greg

P.S. Love to the folks

* TIDBIT *

about The Ruhr Industrial Valley is Cut Off

The snapshot that follows was taken from Normandy to Victory: The War Diary of General Courtney H. Hodges and the First U.S. Army, page 355, maintained by his aides Major William C. Sylvan and Captain Francis G. Smith Jr.; edited by John T. Greenwood, copyright 2008 by the Association of the United States Army.

CLICK TO ENLARGE

31 March 1945

438^th AAA AW BN

APO 230 % Postmaster, N.Y.

31 March, 1945      0820

Germany

My dearest sweetheart –

At last – a little peace and rest – perhaps for the whole day, too! I believe it’s the 31st today – although it seems as if I lost a day somewhere. Anyway – I’ll remind you, as I do myself, dear, that we’re engaged a year today. I’ve had – up until the past several days – time to reflect on our engagement – and the result is satisfactory, warming and stimulating. I’m convinced we did the correct thing – and that despite hardships – it will all have been worthwhile. So Happy Anniversary, sweetheart – and just don’t forget to chalk this one up too. Boy – they’re sure mounting!

I don’t remember what I wrote you in my last letter, sweetheart, although in reality – it was only a couple of days ago, I know. It has been one sweet rat-race since we crossed the Rhine (I believe it’s permissible to tell you that now – if you haven’t already suspected) and we’ve been helping to chase the rats. And it has been good fun. Our impressions here are so different from those in France and Belgium – and even in the first part of Germany that was fought over so bitterly, there – we met surly, stony glares. Here – when we tear thru a town – the looks are those of bewilderment, disbelief. These people just can’t understand it. If Hitler counted very much on these people to fight us – then the people let him down. There’s no fight in them at all. In fact, it’s just the opposite. I went along on a reconnaissance for a new C.P. We just look over a house or two – the bigger and more luxurious – the better. There’s no argument, debating nor anything. After we look over a place – the people say “By what time do we have to be out of here?” They’re a whipped people.

One of the most gladdening sights I’ve seen – is the hundreds of liberated French, Polish, Russian, Moroccan etc. soldiers streaming westward toward the Rhine. They’re wearing their old tattered uniforms, they’re beat up and tired after 4 years of slaving – and they’ve got a long way to go on foot – but they cheer us and are all smiles as we pass by. The French and Belgians are particularly happy. Each step brings them nearer to home. We talked to a few the other day. One old man was from Normandy, a young man was from Fontainbleau and another from Paris. They were then about 50 miles this side of the Rhine and had a long way to go. But tears came to their eyes when we asked them how they felt about walking home, getting home – after all these years.

Liberated French stop for rest on way to Rhine and home
March 1945

Well – sweetheart – I’m going to go along now and do some work – I think. There is supposed to be a couple of thousand wounded Germans – soldiers – in the hospital in this town. I may help out – I’ll see. Anyway – I haven’t the patience to sit around. Everyone is keyed up, tense, and raring to go – and I’m no exception. For it all brings me one step nearer to getting home, holding you in my arms and letting you feel – all that I’ve been trying to express to you in words – these long months gone by. Darling – it won’t be long now!

Love to the folks – and

All my sincerest love

Greg

* TIDBIT *

about The Rose Pocket

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The Ruhr Pocket became known as The Rose Pocket

From Mission Accomplished - The Story of the Campaigns of the VII Corps (written by the U.S. Army and published in Leipzig, Germany by J.J. Weber in 1945), page 59:

Because of the importance of the attack in which Major General Maurice Rose was leading his division when he lost his life and to honor his personal courage in battle, VII Corps and First Army adopted the name of the "Rose Pocket" for the operation which isolated the Ruhr.

From Marburg the racing armor drove north. In a single day's record advance of 90 kilometers, several thousand more prisoners were taken, and our spearheads reached the area just south of Paderborn. This maneuver was of far-reaching importance to the allied cause, for by this action the enemy defending the Ruhr valley were practically cut off. VII corps forces now encircled them on the west, south and east along a 200 mile front.

Part of one day's collection of prisoners

To protect our long left flank against possible counterattacks in strength was a big task. The 78th Division extended its zone farther eastward along the Sieg and the 4th Cavalry Group and 8th Infantry Division moved in to relieve elements of the 1st Division still farther east, while the 86th Infantry Division took over the defense of the Rhine's west bank, a task from which VII Corps was soon relieved.

As the 3d Armored columns closed on Paderborn, they encountered increasing resistance from enemy strongpoints, roadblocks, and stubborn opposition in defended villages. While First Army was breaking out of its bridgehead, troops of the Ninth U.S. Army had crossed the Rhine north of the Ruhr and were now driving east toward Paderborn, paced by the tanks of the 2d Armored Division. A link-up of the two American armies in this area would be a crushing blow to Germany, for it would isolate one of the Reich's largest industrial areas and the thousands of troops defending it. And so thousands of SS troops, the elite of the Wehrmacht, were thrown into the battle as the enemy attempted to stabilize his defenses and to hold Paderborn's important road center, to keep his Ruhr escape route open.

While the 3d Armored Division was driving north to close the pocket, the 104th was following closely in the eastern part of the Corps zone, and the 1st was moving more slowly against stiffer resistance farther west. Intelligence was received of a proposed enemy attack to break out of the rapidly closing Ruhr trap by a tank-and-infantry drive east in the vicinity of Winterburg. The attack to the north was therefore suspended for one of the regiments of the 104th Division, and it deployed to the northwest to counter the threat. With characteristic Timberwolf speed, our troops seized the enemy's line of departure before he could attack, and for the next four days beat back all enemy attempts to penetrate the VII Corps ring in that area.

An armored task force from the Spearhead Division made a firm junction with elements of the 2d Armored and 83d Infantry Divisions (XIX Corps) at Lippstadt on April 1st. The Ruhr trap was closed, a trap which isolated about 5,000 square miles of enemy territory, including some of the most highly developed industrial area in Europe. Completely encircled by American troops, over 350,000 enemy, units of German Army Group D, were cut off from supplies and reinforcements. This was one of the greatest operations of its kind in all history, and a heavy blow to the already hard-pressed German army and nation.